QK124 
.V4 


Vermont Botanical Club 


Flora of Vermont: 
A List of the Fern 
and Seed Plants Growing 
Without Cultivation 


Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, VIII 

FLORA OF VERMONT 

A LIST OF THK 

FERN 1.^^ SEED PLANTS 

GROWING WITHOUT CUI.TIVATION. 

PREPARED BY 

Ezra Brainerd, L. R. Jones and W. W. Eggi,esTon 

COMMITTEE FOR THE 

VERMONT BOTANICAL CLUB. 


Extracted from the Twentieth Vermont 
AgricuIvTural Report 

DiBtributed December 15, 1900 


Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, VIII. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 


A LIST OF THE 


FERN # SEED PLANTS 


GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION. 


PREPARED BY 


Ezra Brainerd, L. R. Jones and W. W. Eggleston 


COMMITTEE FOR THE 


VERMONT BOTANICAL CLUB. 

LIB.^ARY 

i :^— j ' j.i_ — 


GAi^DEN 


BURLINGTON : 

FREE PRESS ASSOCIATION, 

1900. 


y4 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BOTANY OF VERMONT 

I. A List of the Mosses of Vermo.vt, with Analytical Keys to the 

Genera and Species, by A. J. Grout, March, 1898, 38 pages. 

Price 15 cents. 

II. A Partial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, by W. A. 

Orton, September, 1898, 24 pages. Price 10 cents. 

III. A Preliminary List of the Hepatic.e of Vermont, by Clifton 

D. Howe, January, 1899, 10 pages. Price 10 cents. 

IV. Supplement to a List of the Mosses of Vermont, by A. J. 

Grout, January, 1899, 4 pages. Price 5 cents. 

V. The Trees op Vermont (Illustrated), by Anna M. Clark, with 

Notes on the Trees of Burlington and Vicinity, by L. R. 
Jones, December, 1899, 100 pages. Price 25 cents. 

VI. Genera of Basidiomycetes of Vermont, with References to 

scattered Literature for Determination of the Species, by 
Edward A. Burt, September, 1899, 18 pages. Price 10 cents 

VII. A Second P.-vrtial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, by 

W. A. Orton, December, 1899, .34 pages. Price 10 cents. 

VIII. The Flora op Vermont. A list of the Fern and Seed Plants 

Growing without Cultivation, by Ezra Brainerd, L. R. 
Jones and W. W. Eggleston, December, 1900, 123 pages. 

Price 25 cents. 


The above Contributions to the Botany of Vermont may be obtained as 
follows : 

I-V and VII, Botanical Department, University of Vermont, Burlington 
Vermont. 

VI, Librarian, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont. 

VIII, From either of the above addresses. 


To 

CYRUS G. PRINGLE, A. M. 

For twenty-five years 

a diligent and conscientious collector of the plants of Nortli America ; 

whose talent and enthusiasm were first shown in the study of the 

Flora of Vermont. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 


PREFACE 

It is now twelve years since tlie last edition of Professor Perkins' Flora 
of Vermont was published. The supply of the Tenth Report of the State 
Board of Agriculture, which contained that publication, has for some 
time been exhausted so that it is increasingly difficult to secure copies of 
it. Moreover these twelve years have included a period of intense activity in 
systematic botany in the Eastern States, and they have witnessed consid- 
erable additions to the knowledge of Vermont plants. The Vermont 
Botanical Club was organized five years ago for the chief purpose of adding 
to and recording this knowledge. The present catalogue has been pre- 
pared by a committee acting for the Club, and it aims to set forth briefly 
the facts as at present known to Vermont botanists regarding the occur- 
rence and distribution of the higher plants in the state. It is unnecessary 
to say that the list is provisional and incomplete. Students of the Vermont 
Flora will doubtless make yearly additions and corrections to this cata- 
logue, until the time once more arrives when a new one will be neces- 
sary. The present list stands merely as a report of progress, and the most 
that is hoped is that it will prove a stimulus and aid to further advance- 
ment. 

The list is intended to include the names of all of the seed and fern 
plants known to occur as native or apart from cultivation within the state. 
Much pains has been taken to verify doubtful specimens. Where no other 
authority is given for the determination of the species or its insertion in the 
list, the plants have been personally examined by this committee. In 
every case where a name is admitted to the main list there is an authenti- 
cated specimen deposited in one or more of the permanent herbaria of the 
state, or in such other herbarium as is indicated in the accompanying note. 
The invariable rule has been to admit no name which has not an extant 
specimen back of it. This has necessarily led to the exclusion of a number 
of names of plants reported by earlier botanists. In many of these cases 
the evidence is such as to leave little doubt that the plants actuallj' 
occurred as reported, and probably many of them will be rediscovered. 
The names of such plants 'are included in a supplementary list at the end 
of the main catalogue, and each name so appearing should be considered as 
a challenge to the sagacity of present botanists until the plant is again 


VI 11 P'LORA OF VERMONT 

found. It has not been practicable, however, nor has it seemed important, 
that the committee examine specimens from all the localities cited in the 
list. Thus if the specimens from one locality have been verified and the 
species is therefore admitted to the list, other stations are often cited upon 
the authority of the collectors alone. But even in such cases, where there 
was any reason for questioning the identity of the plant, its inspection by 
recognized authorities has been secured. Stations cited on the sole author- 
ity of older published lists are in quotation marks. 

These are busy times for the botanist who would keep informed in 
matters of nomenclature. The committee had some appreciation of this 
fact when undertaking its task, but this appreciation has increased during 
the progress of the work. The aim has been, in accordance with the wish 
of the Vermont Botanical Club, to follow a conservative policy in matters 
of nomenclature. In all cases, unless otherwise stated, the preferred name 
is that in accord with the usages of the Kew herbarium, which means in 
general th? usage of the Gray Manual and the Synoptical Flora of North 
America. Where the name established by the rules of the Botanical Club 
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as expressed 
in the Britton-Brown Illustrated Flora, is at variance with this preferred 
name, it follows in parenthesis. All such synonymous names are included 
in the index. 

In the sequence of families the order is that of Engler and Prantl as 
embodied in the Britton-Brown Illustrated Flora. This is accepted by 
botanists generally as representing more nearly the natural relationship of 
plants than does that of any of the older systems. It is believed that the 
temporary inconvenience caused by this change, to those who are more 
familiar with the older arrangements, will be more than counterbalanced by 
the advantages whicli will follow acquaintance with the present one. 

The committee were in doubt as to whether it would not be wiser to 
adopt the Engler-Prantl family names. Such would be the consistent 
course and, doubtless, some will criticise the failure to follow it. Since it 
involved the breaking up of several of the familiar groups like Rosaceae, 
Leguminosae, etc., it was decided that the argument of present convenience 
to most members of the club outweighed that of consistency. 

In indicating the degree of frequency of occurrence, four adjectiv^es have 
been used with a careful attempt at precision, namely, " common," " fre- 
quent," "occasional," "rare." In each case this statement regarding 
frequency is to be associated with the accompanying statement regarding 
habitat, — thus "sandy soil, common" means common on sandy soils; 
and such a plant may be rare in other habitats. The term "rare" has 
been reserved for those plants which are known to occur in but few stations 
and there but sparingly. Where they are abundant in such stations the 
word "local" has been preferred. In cases where but four or five stations 


FLORA OF VERMONT IX 

or less were known, these iiave been enumerated. It is always a matter of 
justice to botanical explorers and of interest and stimulus to others to insert 
the name of the station and of the discoverer of a rare plant, and the aim 
of the c'ommittee has been to do this so far as compatible with the brevity 
required. The habitats given are based on observations made in Vermont. 
Where these differ from those given in the standard botanies it is believed 
that the statements of this list more accurately define the local conditions. 

Small capitals are used in the Catalogue for the names of foreign plants 
or of those not indigenous to tiie northeastern United States, that is to the 
region covered by the Gray Manual. In this the familiar usage of Gray's 
botanies has been followed. The distinction is somewhat helpful, but 
since it does not indicate the native Vermont floi-a with the exactness de- 
sired, a Supplementary List has been prepared which includes the names 
of those plants which are natives of the northeastern United States, and 
therefore printed in full-face type in this catalogue but which are not na- 
tives of Vermont. 

The committee desires to acknowledge the generous assistance in the 
work of many other members of the Vermont Botanical Club. Especial 
mention should be made of the contributions of Dr. A. J. Grout whose 
specimens and notes were placed in the hands of the committee and of Mr. 
Clifton D. Howe who made the final copy of the manuscript for the print- 
ers and helped to handle the proof. 

Dr. B. L. Robinson and Mr. M. L. Fernald have examined many doubt- 
ful specimens and have advised throughout in matters of nomenclature. 
Professor F. Lamson-Scribner critically examined the Vermont specimens 
of several of the genera of Gramine;e and contributed notes which add much 
to the accuracy of their treatment. Dr. C. W. Swan also gave valuable 
advice in this group. Dr. M. A. Howe has contributed the results of his 
own explorations and has reported upon various plants in the herbarium 
of the New York Botanic gardens. 

To these gentlemen for their courteous assistance and kindly interest, 
the Vermont Botanical Club is greatly indebted. 

EZRA BRAINERD, 

L. R. JONES, 

W. W. EGGLESTON, 

Committee. 


CONTENTS 


Fi.oKA OF Vermont 

Pteridoplnita 

Ophioglossacea' 1 

Filices 1 

Equisetacete 4 

Lycopodiacefo 4 

Selaginellacea' 5 

GymnoHpermx 
Coni ferse 5 

Monocotyledons 

Typhaceae 6 

Naiadaceye 7 

Alisinacea' 8 

Hydrocharidacese 9 

Graminese 9 

Cyperacete 17 

Araceje 25 

Lemnacefe 2i5 

Xyridaceje 25 

Eriocau lese 26 

Pontederiacete 26 

Juncacese 26 

Liliaceae 27 

Iridaceas 29 

Orchidacese 29 

Dicotyledons 

Juglandacepe ol 

My ricacete 32 

Salicacese 32 

Cupuliferse 33 

Urticace?e 35 

Loranthacese 36 

Santalacese 36 

Aristolochiacea' 36 

Polygonacese 36 

Chenopodiacefe 37 

Amarantaceae 38 

Caryophy llacese 39 

lUecebracese 41 

Nymphseacere 40 

Ceratophyllacea? 41 

Magnoliaceae 41 

Ranunculacea? 41 

Berberidacese 48 

Menispermacea^ 43 

LauracejB 44 

Papaveraceiie 45 

Fnmariaceaj 44 


Crucifera? 44 

Capparidacete 47 

Sarraceniacea' 47 

Droseracefe 47 

Crassu laceae 48 

Saxif ragacete 48 

Hamamelideie 49 

Platanacefe 49 

Rosacea 49 

Legn m inosa 53 

Geraniacea 56 

Linacea 57 

Rutacea 57 

Polygalacese 57 

Euphorbiacea 57 

Empetracea 58 

Anacardiacea 58 

1 1 icinea -"iS 

Celastracea 59 

Sapindacea 59 

Rliam nacea? 59 

Vitacea -19 

Tiliacea 60 

Malvacea 60 

Hypericaceae 60 

Cistacea 61 

Violacea 61 

Thy rnelaacea 62 

Elaeagnacea 62 

Ly thracea 62 

Melastomacea 63 

On agraceae 63 

Haloragea 63 

Aral iacejfi 64 

Umbellifera 64 

Corn acefe 66 

Ericaceae 66 

Diapensiacea 69 

Primulace;Te 69 

Oleaceas 70 

Gentianaceae 70 

Apocynacea 71 

Asclepiadacea^ 71 

Con vol vulacea 71 

Polemoniacea 72 

Hydrophyllacea 72 

P>orraginacea 72 

Verbenacea 73 

Labiata 73 

Solanacea 76 


FLORA OF VERMONT 


Scrophulariacefc 77 

Lentibulariacefc 78 

Orobanchacea? 79 

Acanthacete 79 

Plantagin ace?e 79 

Rubiacete 80 

Caprifoliacea> - 80 

Valerianacete 82 

Dipsace^e 82 


Cucurbitacepe 82 

Carapanulacea^ 82 

Lobeliacea' 82 

Compositfe 83 

Statistical Summaries 92 

Supplementary Lists 95 

Lesser Floras 99 

Additions and Corrections 108 

Index 107 


LOPA OF VERMONT 


PTERIDOPHYTA. FERN PLANTS 


OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ADDER^S TONGUE FAMILY 

BOTRYCHIUM 

B. lanceolatum, Angstroem. Moist hollows in cool open woods ; rare. 

B, matricariaefoHum, Braun. Rich moist woods; occasional. A reduced 
form also occurs (B. tenebrosum, A. A. Eaton.) 

B. simplex, Hitchcock. Hilly pastures and open woods ; occasional. 

B. ternatum, Swartz. var. dissectum, Milde. (B. dissectum, Spreng. ) Cool 
loamy soil of open fields ; occasional. 

B. ternatum, Swartz. var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. (B. obliquum, jMuhl. 
var. intermedium, Underw.) Old pastures and copses ; occasional. 

B. ternatum, Swartz. var. obliquum, Milde. (B. obliquum, Muhl.) Moist 
gravelly slopes along the base of the mountains ; frequent. 

B. ternatum, Swartz. var. rutaefolium, D. C. Eaton. (B. matricaria', Spreng.) 
Old fields ; rare. 

B. Virgmianum, Swartz. Rich woods ; common. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM. Adder's Tongue 
O. vulgatum, L. Muck ; occasional. 

FILICES. FERN FAMILY 

ADIANTUM. Maidenhair 
A. pedatum, L. Rich moist woods ; common. 

ASPIDIUM (DRYOPTERIS) Shield Fern 

A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Christmas Fern. Rocky woods ; common and 
variable. 

A. acrostichoid«s, Oray. var. incisum, Oray. Occasifinal. 


2 FLORA OF VERMONT 

A. aculeatum, Swartz. var. Braunii, Koch. (D. Braunii, Underw.) Smug- 
gler's Notch, Pursh, 1807, is the type station. I\Ioist woods above 2,000 
feet altitude ; occasional. 

A. Boottii, Tuckerraan. Wet thickets and about ponds; occasional. 

A, cristatum, Swartz. Moist thickets and swamps; frequent. 

A. cristatum, Swartz. var. Clintonianum, Eaton. Swampy woods; frequent. 

A. fragrans, Swartz. Mt. Mansfield, Bolton Notch and Camel's Hump, 
Fr ingle; Mt. Zion, (Hubbardton), Ross and Eggleston. 

A. Goldianum, Hook. Rich moist woods ; occasional. 

A. marginale, Swartz. Rocky woods ; common. 

A, Novcboracense, Swartz. Moist woods and swamps ; common. 

A. spinulosum, Swartz. Damp woods ; occasional. 

A. spinulosum, Swartz. var. dilatatum, Hook. Jlountain woods ; common 
above 2,500 feet altitude. 

A. spinulosum, Swartz. var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. Woodlands ; com- 
mon. 

A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Swamps and wet places ; common. 

A. marginale x cristatum, Davenport. Cold bog, Shrewsbury, Eggleslon ; 
Pittsford, Miss M. Slossoi}. 

ASPLENIUM. Spleen WORT 

A. angustifolium, Michx. Rich moist woods ; occasional. 

A. cbeneum. Ait. ( A. platyneuron, Oakes. ) Rocky woods ; frequent. 

A. cbenoides, R. R. Scott. Rutland, lioss. One plant, now in Herb. Univ. Vt. 

A. Filix-foemina, Bernh. INIoist woods ; common and variable. 

A. Ruta-muraria, L. Limestone cliffs of western Vermont ; occasional. L. 
Willoughby, E. Faxon, F. A. Winslow. 

A, thelypteroides, Michx. (A. acrostichoides, Sw.) Rich woods ; frequent. 

A. Trichomanes, L. Shaded cliffs ; frequent. 

A. Trichomanes, L. var. incisum, ^loore. Brattleboro,F;'05/, Sliss A. L. Groat; 
Norwich, Jcskji. 

A. viride, Hudson. Cliffs, Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, Fringle. 

CAMPTOSORUS. Walking Fern 

C. rhizophyllus, Link. Shaded rocks, especially limestone ; locally com- 
mon in western Vernuint. 


FLORA OF VERMONT S 

CYSTOPTERIS 
C. bulbifera, Bernli. Moist shaded ravines ; frequent. 

C. fragilis, Bernli. Rocky woods and ravines ; common. 

DICKSONIA 

D. pilosiuscula, Willd. (D. punctiloba, Gray.) Hilly pastures ; common. 

ONOCLEA 

O. sensibilis, L. Sensitive Fern. Moist meadows and thickets ; comnmn. 

The form obtusilobata, Charlotte, Prniglc. 
O. Struthiopteris, Hoffmann. Ostrich Fern. Rich alluvial soil ; common. 

OSMUNDA. 

O. cinnamomea, L. Cinnamon Fern. Wet woods and pastures ; common. 
The form frondosa, Cliarlotte, Pringle ; Randolph, Batei^. 

O. Claytoniana, L. Wet woods and pastures ; common. 

O. regalis, L. Wet woods and swamps ; common. 

RELL.EA 

P. atropurpureat Link. Limestone cliffs ; occasional in western Vermont, 
Lake Willoughby, E. Faxon. 

P. gracilis, Hook. (P. Stelleri, Watt.) Moist limestone rocks ; occasional. 

PHEGOPTERIS. Beech Fern 
P. Dryopteris, Fee. Rocky woods ; common. 
P. hexagonoptera, Fee. Rich woods ; occasional. 
P. polypodioides. Fee. (P. Phegopteris, Underw.) Damp woods; common. 

POLYPODIUM. POLYFODY 

P. vulgare, L. Rocks ; common. 

PTERIS. Bracken 
P. aquilina, L. Pastures and woodlands ; common. 

WOODSIA 

"W. glabella, R. Br. "Willoughby Lake," Torrei/ ; Mt. Mansfield and 
Bakersfield, Pr'mgle ; Quecliee Gulf, Balcli. 

W. hyperborea, R. Br. (W. alpina, S. F. Gray.) Mt. Mansfield and 
Willougliby, Pv Ingle ; Quechee Gulf, Balch. 

W. Ilvensis, R. Br. Rocks ; common. 

W. obtusa, Torr. Rocky banks and ledges ; occasional. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 


WOODWARD! A. Chain Fern. 
W. Virginica, Smith. Fort Ethan Allen pond, Rohhins ; Franklin bog, 
117/(7. 


EQUISETACEAE. HORSETAIL FAMILY 

EQUISETUM. H0R.SETAIL 
E. arvense, L. Moist gravelly or sandy banks ; common. 
E. hiemale, L. Moist gravelly banks ; common. 
E. limosum, L. (E. fiuviatile, L. ) Shallow water with muddy bottom; 

common. 
E. limosum, L. var. polystachyum, Brueckner. Burlington, Mrs.Fhjnn. 
E. littorale, Kuehlewein. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain ; rare. 

E. palustre, L. Wet sandy shore of Lake Champlain, Burlington, Grout and 
Joneft. 

E. scirpoides, ]\richx. Moist cool woods ; occasional. 

E. sylvaticum, L. Moist shadv places ; common. 

E. variegatum, Schleicher. Gravelly shores ; occasional. 

LYCOPODIACEAE. CLUB MOSS FAMILY 

LYCOPODIU]\L Club Moss 

L. annotinum, L. Cold woods ; common. 

L. annotinum^ L. var. pungens, Spring. Summit Mt. Mansfield, PringJe. 

L. clavatum, L. Dry woods ; common. 

L. complanatum, L. Woods and thickets ; common. 

L. complanatum, L. var. Chamaecyparissus, ^lilde. Newfane, Houe and 

Lloyd ; Stowe, J/;'.s. Straw. 

L. inundatum, L. Moist soil ; occasional. 

L. inundatum, L. var. Bigclovii, Tuckerra. Sunderland, Grout. 

L. lucidulum, Michx. Cold damp woods ; common. 

L. obscurum, L. var. dendroideum, D. C. Eaton. Moist woods ; common. 

L, sabinaefolium, Willd. Cold, mountain woods, Rochester, EggJeston. 

L. Selago, L. Summits of Mansfield and Camel's Hump, liohhins ; Smug- 
gler's Notch, Pringh' ; Johnson, Eggle.ttov. 


FLORA OF VERMONT O 

SELAGINELLACEAE 

ISOETES 

I. echinospora, Durieu. var. Braunii, Engelm. IMargins of ponds and streams; 
common. 

I, echinospora, Durieu. var. muricata^ Engelm. "Mouth of Ponipanoosuc 
river, Norwich," Jesup. 

I. echinospora, Durieu. var. robusta, P^ngehn. INIiry borders of bogs, north- 
ern L. Champlain ; occasional. 

I, lacustris, L. " Brattleboro," Frost; A\hurgh, Eggleston. 

SELAGINELLA 
S. apus, Spring. Moist shady places, Brattleboro, Grout. 
S. rupestris, Spring. Dry exposed rocks ; frequent 


SPERMATOPHYTA. SHED PLANTS 
GYMNOSPERMS 


CONIFERAE. PINE FAMILY 

ABIES. Balsam Fir 
A. balsamea, INliller. Cold, wet woods and swamps; common. 

JUNIPERUS. Juniper 

J. communis, L. var. alpina, Gaud. (J. nana. Willd. ) Common Juniper. Dry 
sterile hills; frequent. 

J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. "West Rutland," ilJTr.s. Carr ; Man- 
chester, Miss M. A. Day. 

J, Virginiana, L. Red Juniper. Dry, rocky hills. Frequent in the Cham- 
plain and lower Connecticut valleys. 

LARIX. Larch 
L. Americana, Michx. Tamarack. Cold swamps; common. 

PICEA. Spruce 

P. alba, Link. (P. Canadensis, B. S. P.) White Spruce. Common in 
northeastern Vermont also on Providence Island. 


6 FLORA OF VERMONT 

P. nigra, Link. '(P. Mariana, B. S. P.) Swamp or Black Spruce. Common 
in sphagnum swamps of the Champlain and upper Connecticut valley. 
The dwarf form, var. semiprostrata, occurs on the summit of Mt. Mans- 
field, Eggleston. 

P. rubra, Link. (P. nigra, var. rubra Engelra. ; P. rubens, Sarg. ) Red 
Spruce. Common, especially on rocky mountain sides. 

PINUS. Pine 

P. Banksiana, Lambert. (P. divaricata, Sudw.) Jack Pine. Monkton, 
Robinson; Starksboro, iVnir/^t'; Fairfax, iJaYcs. But few trees at each 
station. 

P, resinosa, Ait. Red or Norway Pine. Di-y rocky soil; frequent. 

P. rigida, Mill. Pitcli Pine. Barren sandy soil. Common in the north- 
ern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley. 

P. Strobus, L. White Pine. Common, especially in the Champlain and 
Connecticut valleys. 

TAXrS. Yew 

T. Canadensis, Willd. (T. minor. Britton.) Ground Hemlock. Moist banks 
and hills; frequent. 

THUYA. Arp.or Vit.k 

T. occidentalis, L. Commonly but wrongly called White Cedar. Swamps 
and rocky banks; common. 

TSUGA. Hemlock 
T. Canadensis, Carr. Rocky woods and swamps; common. 


ANGIOSPERMS. MONOCOTYLEDONS 


TYPHACEAE. CAT-TAIL FAMILY 

SPARGANIUM. Bur-reed 

S. androcladum, Morong. (S. simplex, Huds., var. androcladum, Engelm.) 
Bogs and shallow water; common. 

S. androcladum, var, fluctuans. IVIorong. (S. simplex, Huds. var. iluitans, 
Engelm. ) Floating in ponds; occasional. 

S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Borders of ponds and rivers; frequent in western 
Vermont. 


FLORA OF VERMONT / 

S. minimum, Fries. Marshy borders of ponds; occasional. 

S. simplex, Huds. Marshy borders of ponds and streams; frequent. 

S. simplex, Huds., var. angustifolium, Engehii. Shallow water in moun- 
tain ponds; occasional. 

TYPHA. Cat-tail 

T. angustifolia, L. Along railroad, Cliarlotte, Pr'mgle ; Manchester, Miss 
Day. 

T. latifolia, L. Marshes; common. 

NAIADACEAE. POND- WEED FAMILY 

NAIAS 
N. flexilis, Kostk. & Schmidt. Slow streams and ponds; common. 

rOTAl\IOGETON. Pondweed 

P. alpinus, Balbis. (P. rufescens, Schrad.) Windsor, Jesup; Willoughby 
Lake, E. Faxon ; Lewis Creek, Ferrisburgh, E. ct C. E. Faxon ; Har- 
vey's pond, W. Barnet, Blanchard ; Little Averill pond, EggUston. 

P. amplifolius, Tuckerm. Common. Fruiting more commonly at high 
altitudes. 

P. diversifolius, Raf. (P. hybridus, Michx.) " South Hero," A'o6/>i«8 ,- " Brat- 
tleboro," Frost; Vernon, Grout; Willoughby, Jesup. 

P. Faxoni, Morong. Abundant in the still water of Lake Champlain and 
in the creeks entering into it. No mature fruit has been collected. 

P. foliosus, Raf. (P. pauciliorus, Pursli.) Lewis Creek, Ferrisburgh, (,'. E. 
Faxon; W. Barnet, Blanchard; Brattleboro, Grout; Ponds in Wood- 
bury, Brainerd. Winooslii R., Burlington, Mrs. Flynn. 

P. Ffiesii, Ruprecht. (P. mucronatus, Schrad.). Frequent. 

P. heterophyllus, Schreb. Common. 

P. heterophyllus, Schreb. var. graminifolius, Wats. &. Coult. Knights' Is- 
land, L. Champlain, Brainerd. 

P. lonchites, Tuckerm. (P. fluitans, Roth.) Usually in sluggish streams; 
frequent. 

P. luccns, L. Common. 

P. lucens, L. var. Connecticutensis, Robbins. Lake Dunmore, E. Faxon; 
Lake Bomoseen, Eggleston. 

P. natans, L. Pools and ditches; common. 


8 FLORA OF VERMONT 

P. Nuttalli, Cham. (T. Pennsylvanicus, Cham.) Common. 
P. Oakesianus, Robbins. Grout pond, Stratton; Lily pond, Vernon, Grout. 
P. obtusifolius, Mertens & Koch. Fairlee Lake, Jesnp and Sargmt ; Little 
Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh, Grout and Eggleston ; Lewis Creek, Faxon. 

P. pectinatus, L. Common. 
P. perfoliatus, L. Common. 
P. perfoliatus, L. var. lanceolatus, Robbins. Lake Champlain and tributaries; 

frequent. 
P. praelongus, Wulf. In deep water; frequent. 
P. pusillos, L. Common. 
P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Common. 
P. Spirillus, Tuckerm. Common. 

P. Tuckermani, Robbins. Grout pond, Stratton, Graitt. 
P. Vaseyi> Robbins. Oozy pond, Barnet, B/auchard. 
P. Zizii, Mertens & Koch. Alburg, Morong ; ]\Iiltou, Gmal. 
P. zosteraefolius, Schum. Common. 

SCHEUCHZERIA 
S. palustfis, L. Peaty bogs ; occasional. 

ZANNICHELLL^ 

Z. palustris, L. Shallow water, S. Hero, liohhiiix ; N. Hero, Pringle ; Nor- 
wich, Jcsu]) ; Joe's Pond, (W. Danville,) Blanchard. 

ALISMACEAE. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY 

ALISMA. Water-plantain 
A. Plantago-aqatica, L. Swales ; common. 

SAGITTARIA. Arrow-leaf 

S. arifolia, Nutt. Swales and wet shores, Gi-and Isle county, Bralnerd ; 
Barnard Pond, Jesup and Sargent. 

S. graminea, Michx. Low muddy shores of lakes and ponds ; frequent. 

S. rigida, Pursh. (S. heterophylla, Pursh.) Low muddy shores; frequent. 

S, latifolia, Willd. (S. variabilis, Engelm.) Wet places; very common. 
Many forms of this variable plant are recognized in the monograph of 
J. G. Smith, Sixth Report, Mo. Bot. Garden, 1895. Of these the 
forms c. and d. as well as the type are found in Vt. 


FLORA OF VERMONT W 

HYDROCHARIDACEAE 

ELODE A . ( PH ILOTRI A . ) 
E. Canadensis, Michx. Slow streams and ponds ; frequent. 

VALLISNERIA. Eel-grass 
V. spiralis, L. Quiet, shallow water ; common. 

GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY 

AGROPYRON ' 

A. caninoides, Beal. (A. violaceum, Lange in part.) Dry warm rocky wood- 
lands and ledges ; frequent. 
A. caninum, Beauv. Moist ledges, Burlington, Jones. 

A. Novae-Angliae, sp. nov. (F. Lamson-Scribner ined. See remarks in 
footnote.) Cliffs of Lake Willoughby and Smuggler's Notch. 

A. REPENS, Beauv. Quack-grass. Witch-grass. Fields ; common. 

AGROSTIS 

A. ALBA, L. Moist places ; common and extremely variable. Forms with 
more stoloniferous habit, A. stolonifera L., are frequent on wet banks 
and in lawns. A viviparous form occurs, Lake Willoughby, Jones. 

A. ALBA, L. var. vulgaris, Thurb. Red-top. Common in fields and roadsides. 
Variable and intergrading with the species. A small form occurs in 
cool pastures, sometimes having flowering glume awned ; Burlington 
and Lake Willoughby, Jones. 

A. canina, L. var. alpina, Oakes. (A. rubra, L. ) Summit of Mt. Mansfield 

and of Camel's Hump. 

I There is some doubt at present as to what is the best interpretation of our Agro- 
pyrons. All available specimens have been submitted to Professor Scribner and the above 
disposition meets his approval. A. cam'nutn is a European species and when found in 
eastern America is usually regarded as introduced. Apparently the Burlington plant 
was native. A. cantnoides was founded upon western types, and the Vermont plants 
referred to this differ somewhat from the western plants. This disposition of them may 
therefore be regarded as a provisional one, not altogether satisfactory. Of the new species 
proposed Professor Scribner writes, Sept. 19, 1900, '' In regard to the Agropyron for which 
I have proposed the name Novae- A ngltae, 1 must think it quite distinct from the A. tenerutn 
of the west, although it suggests that species somewhat in habit. It looks more like a 
caespitose form oiA. repens. I believe it has been included under A. violaceum by some 
authors, but it certainly is distinct from that species, as represented in our herbarium, from 
northern Europe and from the Rocky Mountain region." 


10 FLORA OF VERMONT 

A. intermedia, Scribn. Shaded places, Waterbury, Pringle ; Burlington, 

Jones. 
A. perennans, Tuckerm. Moist shaded places ; frequent. 

A. scabra, Willd. (A. hyemalis, B. S. P.) Dry ditches andotlier desiccated 
places ; common. 

ALOPECURUS 

A. geniculatus, L. (A. geniculatus, L. var. aristulatus, Torr. ) Water Foxtail. 
Wet meadows ; frequent. 

A. I'RATEXsis, L. Meadow Foxtail. Occasionally introduced in fields. "Bel- 
lows Falls," Carey; Hartland, Ruggles ; Burlington, ./oju'.s. 

AM MO PHIL A 

A, arundinacea, Host. (A. arenaria, Link.) Sandy shores of Lake Champlain, 
Alburgh, Pringle. 

ANDROPOGON 

A. provincialis, Lam. (A. furcatus, Muhl.) Dry rocky river banks ; occa- 
sional. 

A, nutans, L. var. avenaceus. Hack. (Chrysopogon nutans, Benth. C. 
avenaceus, Benth.) Dry sandy soil ; occasional. 

A. scoparius, ]\Iichx. Dry sterile soil ; occasional. 

ANTHOXANTHUM. Sweet A^ernal-grass 
A. ODORATOM, L. Occasional in old meadows and roadsides. 

ARISTIDA 

A. dichotoma, ^lichx. liarren fields; "Pownal," Robbins ; New Haven, 

Pringle. 
A. gracilis, Ell. Dry pastures ; Vernon, Grout. 

ARRHENATHERUM. Tai.l Oat-grass 

A. AVENACEUM, Bcauv. (A. elatius, Beauv. ) Charlotte, Horsford; Burling- 
ton, Jones. 

ASPERELLA. (ASPRELLA. HYSTRIX) 

A. Hystrix, Humb. (Gymnostichum Hystrix, Schreb. ) Rocky woods ; fre- 
quent. 

AVENA 

A, striata, *Michx. Rocky woods ; frequent. 

BRACHYELYTRUM 

B. crectum, Beauv. (B. aristatum, R. & S. ) Moist shaded places; frequent. 


FLORA OP VERMONT 11 

BRIZA 
B. MEDIA, L. Adventive in old meadow, Charlotte, Pringle. 

BROMUS' 
B. ciliatus, L. Moist tliickets ; common. 
B. ERECTUS, Huds. Adventive, Charlotte, Pringle. 
B. Kalmii, Gray. Dry woodlands ; occasional. 

B. purgans, L. (B. ciliatus, L. var. purgans, Gray.) Thickets ; common. 
B. RACEMosus, L. Adventive, Charlotte, Pringle. 
B. sECALiNus, L. Chess. Occasional in fields and waste places. 

B. TECTORUM, L. Adventive, Charlotte, Pringle. 

CALAMAGROSTIS- 

C, breviseta, Scribn. (C. Pickeringii, Gray.) "Vermont," Pringle. Speci- 

men in U. S. national herbarium. 

C. breviseta, Scribn. var. lacustris, Kearney. (C. Lapponica, Gray in part.) 
Mt. Mansfield, Pringle. Specimen in U. S. national herbarium. 

C. Canadensis, Beauv. Blue-joint. Marshes and wet places ; common. 

C. hyperborea, Lange. Lake Willoughby, Boott. Specimen in U. S. national 
herbarium. 

C. hyperborea, Lange. var. Americana, Kearney. Lake Willoughby, Mann; 
Mt. Mansfield, Pringle. 

C inexpansa. Gray. (C. confinis, Gray. ) Mt. Mansfield, Prmg^/e; Lake Wil- 
loughby cliffs. 

C Langsdorfii, Trin. Mt. Mansfield, Pringle ; Lake Willoughby, Rusby. 

CENCHRUS 
C. tribuloides, L. Sandy shores of Connecticut River, Brattleboro, Grout. 

CHAET0CHL0A3 (SETARL\, IXOPHORUS) 
C. Italica, Scribn. var. Germanica, Scribn. Hungarian-grass. Occasion- 
ally adventive, but not long persistent. 

I. See Shear, C. t,. Rev. N. A. Species Bromus. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bui. 23, igoo. 

2 SeeT. H. Kearney, Jr., A Revision of IST. A. Species of Calamagrostis, U. S. Dept. 
Agr. Div. Agrost. Bui. II, 189S. Kearney's nomenclature has been followed in this genus, 
although it is not entirely consistent with the system followed elsewhere in the present 
catalogue. 

3 See Scribner and Merrill, N. A. Species of Chaetochloa, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. 
Agrost. Bui. 21, 1900. 


12 FLORA OF VERMONT 

C. GLAUCA, Scribn. Yellow Foxtail. Fields ; common. 
C. VERTiciLLATA, Scribii. Old garden, Burlington, Jones. 
C. viRiDis, Scribn. Green Foxtail. Fields and waste places? ; common. 

CINNA 
C. arundinacea, L- Moist woods ; frequent. 

C. pendula, Trin. (C. latifolia, Griseb. ) Moist woods, especially on moun- 

tain sides ; frequent. 

DACTYLIS 

D, GLOMERATA, L. Orchard Grass. Common, preferring partial shade. 

DANTHONIA 
D. compressa. Aust. Dry banks and woods; occasional. 
D. spicata, Beauv. Dry sterile soil ; common. 

DESCHAMPSIA 

D. atropurpurea, Scheele. A single specimen collected on Mt. Mansfield 
by Joseph Torreij, probably before 1853, is in the University of Vermont 
herbarium. Later botanists have failed to rediscover it. 

D. caespitosa, Beauv. Rocky banks and shores ; frequent. 

D. flexuosa,. Trin. Dry soil, ascending to highest mountain tops ; common. 

EATONIA 

E. Dudleyi, Vasey. (E. nitida, Nash.) Colchester, Torrey. 

E. Pennsylvanica, Gray. Moist rocky woods and marshes ; frequent. 

ELYMUS 

E. Canadensis, L. Low thickets and river banks ; common. 

E. Canadensis, L. var. glaucifolius, Gray. Dry banks ; occasional. 

E. robustus, Scribn. and Sm. Burlington, Jones. 

E, striatus, Willd. ]\[iddlebury, Jamrx, Brainerd; ledges of Winooski River, 
Printjlc. 

E. Virginicus, L. ^loist thickets of river banks ; frequent. 

ERAGROSTIS 

E. MA.JOR, Host. Burlington, Woodstock, Jones; Pownal, Bennington, 
Eggleston ; railroad yard, Jliddlebury, Brainerd. 

E. pectinacea, Steud. Dry sandy soil ; frequent in the lower Connecticut 

valley. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 13 

E. Pufshii, Schrader. Sandy soil, especially along railroads ; occasional in 
southern Vt. ; Burlington, H. L. Priest. 

E. reptans, Nees. (E. hypnoides, B. S. P.) Gravelly or sandy banks ; occa- 

sional. 

FESTTJCA 

F, ELATioR, L. Meadow Fescue. Common in old meadows and along road- 

sides. Variable in size, but most of the Vermont plants are of the 
smaller form, var. pratensis, Gray. 

F, nutans, Willd. Rocky woods ; frequent. 

F. ovina, L. Frequent as an introduced plant in lawns. 

F. brachyphylla, Schultes. (F. ovina, L. var. brevifolia, Wats.) Cliffs of 
Smuggler's Notch ; rare, Grout and Eggleston. 

F. rubra, L. Rocky shores and islands of Lake Champlain, occasional ; 

swamp, Stratton Mountain, Jones. 

GLYCERIA. (PANICULARIA) 

G. Canadensis, Trin. Wet places ; common. 

G elongata, Trin. Wet woods ; frequent, especially among the mountains. 

G. fluitans, R. Br. Wet places or shallow water ; frequent. The Vermont 
specimens, so far as seen, are the form with smaller spikelets, viz. the 
var. aogustata, Vasey, or Panicularia borealis, Nash. (See Bui. Torr. Bot. 
Club, 24:348. 1897.) 

G. grandis, Watson. (P. Americana, MacM.) Wet soil ; common. 

G. nervata, Trin. Wet meadows ; common. 

G. pallida, Trin. Shallow water or wet soil ; frequent. 

GRAPHEPHORUM 
G. melicoiJeum, Beauv. Banks of Winooski River, Colchester and Willis- 
iston, Pringle ; South Burlington, Jones. 

HIEROCHLOE. (SAVASTANA) 

H. alpina, R. & S. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, Tuckerman and Macrae. 

H. borealis, R. & S. (S. odorata, Scribn.) Moist meadows ; occasional. 

HOLCUS 

H. LANATUs, L. Fields, Charlotte, Pringle and Horsford ; Feacham, Blanch - 

ard. 

HORDEUM 

H. jubatum, L. Strafford, Collins ; probably introduced in grass seed. 

LEERSIA. (HOMALOCENCHRUS) 

L. oryzoides, Swartz. Wet places ; common. 

L. Virginica, Willd. Wet woods ; frequent. 


14 flora; OF VERMONT 

LOLIUM 

L. PEREN^NE, L. Rye-grass. Adventive in roadsides and meadows ; occa- 
sional. 

MILIUM ■ 

M. effusum, L. Cool moist woods, especially among the mountains ; fre- 
quent. 

MUHLENBERG I A 
M. diffusa, Schreber. Shaded places ; occasional. 

M, glomerata, Trin. (M. racemosa, B. S. P. ) Wet rocks and marshy places; 
frequent and variable. 

M. Mexicana, Trin. Moist meadows and banks ; common. 

M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gray. ]Moist rocky banks ; occasional. 

M, 'Willdenovii, Trin. (M. tenuiflora, B. S. P.) Rocky woods ; occasional. 

ORYZOPSIS 
O. asperifolia» ]\Iichx. Woods : common. 

O. Canadensis, Torr. (0. juncea, B. S. P.) Dry sand soil ; occasional. 
O. melanocarpa, Muhl. Rocky woods ; frequent. 

PANICUM 

P. agrostoides, Muhl. Hartland, Ruggles ; Newfane, Grout. 

P. capillare, L. Fields, common. 

P. clandestinum, L. Moist thickets ; frequent. 

P. Crus-galli, L. Barn-yard Grass. Waste places ; common. 

P. Crus-galli var. muticum, Vasey. With the type ; occasional. 

P. depaupcratum, Muhl. Dry woods and fields ; frequent. 

P. GLABRUM, Gaudin. (Syntherisma linearis, Nash. ) Sandy fields and waste 
places, lawns ; common. 

P. linearifolium, Scribn. 'Slonkton, Pr Ingle ; Burlington, Jones; Snake Mt., 
Iluzen. 

P. macrocarpon, Le Conte. (P. latifolium, of Gray Manual in part. ) Wood- 
lands ; frequent. 

P. SANGUiNALE, L. (Syutherisma sanguinalis, Nash.) Gardens and waste 
places ; common. 

P. Scribnerianum, Nash. (P. scoparium, of Gray Manual) Brattleboro, Grout. 

P. virgatum, L- Brattleboro, M. A. Iloive. 

P. xanthophysum, Gray. Dry sandy soil ; frequent. The form amplifolium, 
Scribner, ined., Burlington, Jones. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 15 

Panicum dicliotomum of Gray's Manual, etc., is at present conceived to 
include a number of closely related forms. The specific distinctions are not 
well established, however, and the nomenclature is in a confused state. All 
available Vermont specimens have been submitted to Professor Scribnerand 
he recognizes among them the following species. There are numerous 
other forms, especially in the pubeaceria group which it is not possible as 
yet to name satisfactorily. 

P. Atlanticum, Nash (?) Dry woods and sandy lake shore, Burlington, 
Jones, Hazen. 

P. boreale, Nash. Woods and fields ; frequent. 

P. Columbianum, Scribn. (P. psammophilum, Scribn.) Di'y sandy soil; 
frequent about Burlington. 

P. dichotomum, L. Burlington, Jones; Rutland, Eggleston. 

P. implicatum, Scribn. Charlotte, Pvuigle. 

P. lanuginosum, Ell. Hartland, Haggles; Middlebury, Wallingford, Brain- 

nrrd. 

P. pubescens, of recent authors (not Lamarck.) Leicester, Brainerd. 
P. sph?erocarpon, Ell. Sterling Mt., Egglesfon. 
P. tsugetorum, Nash. Burlington, Jones. 

PASPALUIM 

P. sctaceum, Michx. Sandy fields; "Bellows Falls," Careg ; Hartland, 
Buggies; Vernon, (Irout. 

PHALARIS 

P. arundinacea, L. Eeed Canary-grass. Wet soil or shallow water ; fre- 
quent. 

P. ARUNDINACEA, L. var. PiCTA (Hort.) Ribbon Grass. Common in gardens 
and occasionally adventive. 

P. Canakiensis, L. Canary-grass. Waste places ; occasional and adven- 
tive. 

PHLEUM 
P. PRATENSE, L. Timothy. Fields ; common. 

PHRAGMITES 

P. communist Trin. (P. Phragmites, Karst. ) Swampy margins of ponds 
and lakes ; occasional. 

POA 

P. alsodcs. Gray. Moist woods ; common. 

P. ANNUA, L. Waysides and fields ; common. 


16 FLORA OF VERMONT 

P. coMPRESSA, I;. English Blue-grass. Dry fields and woodlands ; com- 
mon. 

P. debilis, Torr. Dry rocky woodlands ; frequent. 

P. flava, L. (P. serotina, IJhrh.) Fowl Meadow-grass. Wet soil; com- 
mon. The form known in Europe as P. fertilis, Eeich. also occurs at 
Burlington, Jones, probably introduced. 

P. laxa, Haenke. Summit of Mt. ■Mansfield, Robbing. 

P. nemoralis, L. Rocky woodlands and mountain cliffs ; occasional and 
variable. A form, var. strictior, Gray, from the islands and lieadlands 
of Lake Champlain is of erect habit, and approaches P. caesla, Snaith. 

P. pratensis, L. Kentucky Blue-grass. Pastures and fields ; common. 
P. pratensis, L- var. angustifolia, Smith. Groton Pond, Bates ; bog, Lake Wil- 
loughby, Jones. 

SPARTINA. 

S. cynosuroides, Willd. '' Bellows Falls," Carei/. Shoresof Lake Champlain 
and tributaries ; frequent. 

SPOROBOLUS 

S. aspcr, Kunth. Thompson's Point, Prlngle. 

S. serotinus. Gray. Wet soil ; Ripton, Boijce ; Bakersfield, Prlngle ; Peach- 
am, lUundiard; frequent in elevated bogs of Windham county, Grout. 

S. vaginaeflorus, Wood. Dry soil ; occasional and'variable. The commoner 
forms represent >S'. neglect us, Nash. Plants found at Burlington, Jones, 
correspond to »S'. minor, Vasey. Professor Scribner has examined these, 
however, and decides that all are included in^Wood's species. 

TRISETUM 

T. subspicatum, Beauv. (T. subspicatum, Beauv. var. molle, Gray.) Dry 
woods and ledges ; occasional. 

ZIZANL\ 

Z. aquatica, L. Marshy borders of Lake Champlain and its tributaries ; 

occasional. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 17 

CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY 

CAKEX. Sedge 

C albicans, Willd. Dry shady ledges ; common in Western Vermont. For 
description see Bot. Gaz. 21 : 7. 1891). 

C. alopecoidea, Tuckerm. Wet meadows ; M iddlebury, iJramerd; Burling- 
ton, T. E. Ilazen. 

C. aquatilis, Wall). Borders of ponds and rivers ; occasional. 

C. arctata, Boott. Moist woodlands ; common. 

C. atrata, L. var. ovata, Boott. (C. atratiformis, Britton.) Smugglers' Notch, 
PritniJe. 

C. aurea, Xutt. INIoist meadows ; common. 

C. Bacfcii, Boott. (C. durifolia, Bailey.) Shaded ledges ; occasional. 

C. bromoides, Schkuhr. Bogs and swamps ; common. 

C. canesccns, L. Swamps; occasional. 

C canescens, L. var. alpicola, Wahl. (C. brunnescens, Poir. ) Summits of 
Green Mountains. 

C. canescens, var. polystachya, Boott. (C. arcta, Boott.) Low woods; 
Peacham, BlmicJiard ; Knight's Island, Bminerd ; Highgate Springs, 
Jesup. ^ • 

■C. canescens, L. var. vulgaris, Bailey. (.0. brunnescens, Poir. var. gracilior, 
Britton.) Moist woodlands; common. 

C. castanea, Wahl. Low meadows ; local, e. g. Pomfret, Barnet, Middle- 
bury. 

■C. ccphaloidea, Dewey. Moist woodlands; Middlebury, Burl; Hartford, 
Bates. 

C. cephalophora, Muhl. Fields and woods ; common. 

C. chordorhiza, Ehrh. Cold bogs; Bristol Pond, Pringle ; "Eastern Ver- 
mont," Congdnn; Perch Pond, J. Ji. Churchill; Colchester, Jones, Grout. 

C. communis, Bailey. (C. pedicellata, Britton.) Dry hillsides ; common. 

C, communis, Bailey, var. Wheeleri, Bailey. Dry rocky woods ; occasional. 

C. conoidea, Schkuhr. Moist meadow ; occasional. 

C. crinita, Lam. Swales and along brooks ; common. 

C. debilis, Michx. var. Rudgei, Bailey. (C tenuis, Rudge.) Frequent in 
moist sterile soil along the mountains. 

C deflexa, Hornem. Moist thicket, bordering Abby Pond, Ripton, LVa/n- 
erd; Peacham, Blancliard. 

C. deflexa, Hornem. var. Deanei, Bailey. Groton, J'r ingle. 


18 FLORA OF VERMONT 

C. Deweyana, Schwein. Dry woodlands ; common. 
C. digitalis, Willd. Dry open woods ; frequent. 

C. eburnea, Boott. (C setifolia, Britton. ) Frequent on dry shaded lime- 
stone. 
C. cxilis, Dewey. Peat bogs ; Bristol, PringJe ; Peacham, Blanchard. 
C. filiformis, L. Peaty borders of ponds ; frequent. 

C. filiformis, L. var. latifolia, Boeckl. (C. lanuginosa, Michx.) Swales and 
low meadows ; frequent. 

C. flava, L. Low meadows ; common. 

C. flava, L- var. graminis, Bailey. Wet margins of springs and low borders 

of ponds ; couiinon. 

C. flava, L. viridula, Bailey. (C. viridula, Michx.) Shores of lakes and 
rivers; FairleeLake, i?/a»c/ia(vi; Pomfret, Morgan; White River, Flint. 

C foenea, AVilld. Dry woods, often on rocks ; rare. 

C. foenea, Willd. var. perplexa, Bailey. Dry copses ; IMiddlebury, Brainerd; 
Fairlee, Blanchard ; Rutland, EggJeston. 

C. follicuiata, L. Cold swamps ; Stratton and ^larlboro Ponds, Grout. 

C. formosa, Dewey. Moist meadows ; Sunderland, Eggleston ; Middlebury, 

BraiiK rd. 

C. fusca, All. Bogs; "Burlington," Torrey; Fairlee, Jesup; ^lendon, Eggles- 

toii. 

C. gracillima, Schwein. Low meadows ; common. 

C. granularis, Muhl. Moist meadows ; common. 

C granularis, ^luhl. var. Haleana, Porter. Burlington, 2\ E. Hazen. 

C Grayii, Carey. (C. Asa-Crayi, Bailey.) Swales, along rivers and lakes ; 
rare. 

C grisea, Wahl. Along brooks in thickets ; occasional. 

C. gynandra, Schwein. \\'et ground, especially in the mountains ; frequent. 

C. Httchcockiina, Dewey. Rich woods ; occasional. 

C. Houghtonii, Torr. Dry sandy banks ; Norwich, E. A. Edmunds ; Rnt- 

land, Eggleston. 
C. hystricina, Muhl. Wet meadows ; common. 
C. interior, Bailey. (C. echinata, var. microstachys, of Gray Manual in 

part.) Boggy meadows; common. 
C. intumescens, Rudge. Wet woods and pastures ; common. 
C laxiculmis, Schwein. IMoist copses ; occasional. 
C. laxiflora, Lam. ]\Ioist meadows ; occasional. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 19^' 

C laxiflorat Lam. var. ktifolia, Boott. (('. Albursina, Slieldon.) Moist rich 
woods ; frequent. 

C. laxiflora. Lam. var. patulifolia, Carey. Eich woodlands ; frequent. 

C. laxiflora. Lam. var. striatula, Carey, (var. blanda, Boott.) moist mea- 
dows ; common. 

C. laxiflora, Lam. var. varians, Bailey. Copses and meadows ; common. 

C. lenticolaris, Michx. Sandy borders of ponds and lakes ; rare. 

C leptalea, Wahl. (C. polytrichoides, Mulil.) Wet woods and bogs; fre- 
quent. 

C. limosa, L. Bogs ; common. 

C. livida, Willd. Bogs north of Bristol Pond, Pr'mgle. 

C. longirostris, Torr. Shady ledges ; frequent. 

C, lupulina, Muhl. Swamps and ditclies ; common. 

C. lupulina, Mull 1. var. pedunculata, Dewey. North Hero, Brainerd ; New- 
fane, Grout. 

C. lupulina, Muhl. var. polystachya, Schwein and Torr. (C. lupuliformis, 
Sart.) Marshes along Lake Champlain. 

C. lurida, Wahl. Wet meadows ; common. 

C. lurida, Wahl. var. gracilis, Bailey. (C. Baileyi, Britton.) Bogs in the 
mountains ; frequent. 

C. lurida, Wahl. var. parvula, Bailey. Occasional. 

C. Magcllanica, Lam. Cold bogs ; occasional. 

C. Michauxiana, Boeckl. (C. abacta, Bailey.) Bogs and lake borders at 
high altitudes. Sterling Pond, Frivgle ; frequent in the elevated bogs 
of Windham county. Grout; Fifield Pond, Wallingford, ii'^(//es/on; also 
at Lake of the Clouds, Mt. Mansfield, from seed sown there by Mr. 
Pringle. 

C. monile, Tuckerm. Swales; common. 

C. monile, Tuckerm. var. mcnstrosa, Bailey. Occasional. 

C. Muhlenbergii, Schkuhr. Dry sand, near Fort Ethan Allen, Hazen. 

C. Novae-Angliae, Schwein. Shady knolls ; Stratton, Grout; Chittenden, 
Eggleston ; Underbill and Cambridge, Brainerd; also in an open sandy 
meadow near Brigham Academy, Bakersfield. 

C. oligocarpa, Schuhr. Dry copses ; rare. Middlebury, Brainerd. 

C, oligosperma, Michx. Bogs; Peacham, Blanchard ; Stratton, Grout;: 
Sunderland, Eggleston. 

C. pallescens, L. Low meadows ; common. 

C. pauciflora, Lightf. Sphagnum bogs ; rare. 

C. pedunculata, Muhl. Dry woods ; frequent. 


20 FLORA OF VERMONT 

C. Pennsylvanica^ Lam. Shady hillsides ; common. 

C plantaginea^ Lam. Ricli woods ; frequent. 

C platyphylla, Carey. Shady banks ; common. 

C prasina, Wahl. Springy bogs in woods ; occasional. 

C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. Swamps; Knight's Island, Brainerd ; Barnet, 
Blancltard. 

C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. var. Americana, Hochst. Swamps ; occasional. 

C pubescens, Muhl. Rich woods ; Barnet, Blanchard ; occasionally in Ad- 
dison county, Brainerd. 

C retrorsa, Schwein. Swamps ; common. 

C retofsa, Schwein. var. Hartii, Gray. (C. Hartii, Dewey.) marshes; oc- 
casional. 

C. figida, Gooden. var. Bigelovii, Tuckerm. (C. Bigelovii, Torr. ) Alpine 
summits of Green Mountains. 

C rigida, Gooden. var. Goodenovii, Bailey. (C. Goodenovii, J. Gay.) Wet 
meadows ; Peacham, Blandtard. 

C. ripariat W. Curtis. Swales ; occasional. 

C rosea, Schkuhr. Rich woods ; common. 

C. rosea, Schkuhr. var. minor, Boott. Willoughby Lake, Wm. Boott. 

C. rosea, Schkuhr, var. radiata, Dewey. Shady knolls ; frequent. 

C. saltuensis, Bailey. (C. altoeaulis, Britton.) Deep swamps; Sutton, 
Pringlc. 

C. scabrata, Schwein. Springy bogs in woods ; frequent. 

C. Schweinitzii. Dewey. Swamps ; local. Pownal, Dewey; Salisbury, Brain- 
erd ; Manchester, Miss Day. 

C. scirpoidea, Michx. Alpine cliffs, Willoughby Lake, Smuggler's Notch ; 
also Mt. Equinox, Manchester, Miss Day. 

C. scoparia, Sclikulir. Moist meadows ; common. 

C. scoparia, Schkuhr. var. minor, Boott. Rocky and sterile pastures. 

C. siccata, Dewey. Sandy shore of Lake Champlain north of the Lake View 

Cemetery, Burlington. 

C sparganioides, IMuhl. Rich woods ; frequent. 

C squarrosa, L. (C. typhinoides, Schwein.) Low borders of streams and 
lake margins in western Vermont ; occasional. 

C. sterilis. Willd. (C. echinata, var. microstachys, Boeckl.) Wet meadows 
and pastures, especially in the mountains. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 21 

C. sterilis, Willd. var. angustata, Bailey. Mostly in shade at high altitudes. 

C. sterilis, Willd. var. excelsior, Bailey. Wet margins of ponds and brooks. 

C. stipata, Muhl. Swales ; common. 

C. straminea, Willd. Dryish copses and fields ; common. 

C straminea, Willd. var. brevior, Dewey. (C. festucacea, Willd.) Gard- 
ner's Island, Brainerd. 

C straminea, Willd. var. Crawei, Boott. (C Bicknellii, Britton.) Dry 
banks ; occasional. 

C. straminea, Willd. var. mirabilis, Tnckerm. Moist, shady places ; occa- 
sional. 

C. stricta. Lam. Swales and marshes ; common. 

C. stricta, Lara. var. angustata, Bailey. Manchester, iliiss i>«//. 

C. stricta. Lam. var. curtissima. Peck. Essex Junction, Brainerd. 

C stricta. Lam. var. decora, Bailey. (C. Haydeni, Dewey.) Barnet, Blan- 

chard. 

C. tenella, Schkuhr. Cold swamps ; frequent. 

C. tenuiflora, Wahl. Quaking bog, Bristol Pond, Pringle ; Cedar swamp. 
Fair Haven, Oakes ; Salem and Burlington, Bobbins; Peacham, Blan- 
chard. 

C teretiuscula, Gooden. Bogs; Bristol Pond, Pringle; Peacham, Blan- 

churd. 

C. teretiuscula, Gooden. var. ramosa, Boott. (C. prairea, Dewey.) Bristol 
Pond, Brainerd; Peacham, Blandiard ; Rutland, G. H. Rosk. 

C. torta, Boott. Along mountain streams ; frequent. 

C. tribuloides, Wahl. Open swales ; frequent, 

C. tribuloides, Wahl. var. Bebbii, Bailey. Dry low grounds ; common. 

C. tribuloides, Wahl. var. cristata, Bailey. (C. cristatella, Britton. ) Wet 
ground ; frequent. 

C. tribuloides, Wahl. var. reducta, Bailey. (var. moniliformis, Britton.) 
Moist copses ; occasional. 

C. triceps, Michx. var. hirsuta. Moist fields ; occasional. 

C. trisperma, Dewey. Cold bogs in shade ; frequent. 

C. Tuckermani, Dewey. Swales and marshes ; frequent. 

C. umbellata, Schkuhr. Rocky hills and dry knolls ; frequent. 

C. umbellata, Schkuhr. var. vicina, Dewey. In shade ; occasional. 

C. utriculata, Boott. Marshy borders of ponds ; occasional. 


22 FLORA OF VERMONT 

C. utriculata^ Boott. var. minor, Boott. With tlie species. 

C. virescens, Muhl. Moist pastures ; occasional. 

C. virescens, Mulil. var. costata, Dewey. (C costellata, Britton.) Moist 
copses ; Middlebnry, Braincrd. 

C. vulpinoidea, ]Michx. Moist pastures ; common. 

C. xanthocarpa, Biclvnell. ]\Ioist meadows ; common in Addison county 
Brainerd. 

C. arctata x castanea, Bailey. One plant, Middlebnry, Brainerd. 

C. lurida x lupulina, Bailey. North Hero, Morong. 

C. stricta x torta, Fernald, n. hybr. "Culm tall, 7.5 dm. high, and strict as 
in C stricta ; leaves linear, acute as in C torla, much shorter and softer 
and with less attenuate tips than in C. stricta; bracts elongated, over- 
topping the culm ; spikes erect, 1.5 to 6 cm. long, the pistillate loosely 
flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, aciite, dull brown with green middle 
and narrow pale margin : perigynia ovate- lanceolate, thin, dull green, 
nerveless, the elongate, generally empty, tip exceeding the scale and 
sometimes recurved. Mt. Mansfield, Vt., July 3, 1896, (G. G. Ken- 
nedy). Very clearly combining the characters of the two parents. In 
the foliage and in most of the perigynia like C. torta; but in its tall, 
stiff habit, and acute scales like C. stricta." — M. L. Fernald in letter. 

CLADIUM 
C. mariscoides, Torr. Low borders of ponds ; occasional. 

CYPERUS 
C. aristatus, Rottb. (C. inflexus, Muhl.), Wet sandy soil ; frequent. 

C. dentatus, Torr. Sandy shores; Fairlee Lake, Jesup ; Lily Pond, Ver- 
non, Grout ; Grand Isle, Pringle. 

C. diandrus, Torr. Low ground ; rare. Peacham, Blnnchard. Wet sands 
of Connecticut River, Westminster, Brainerd. 

C. diandrus, Torr. var. castaneus, Torr. (C. rivularis, Kunth. ) Wet soil ; 
common. 

C. esculentus, L. Alluvial soil ; occasional. 

C. filiculmis, Vahl. Dry sands ; common. 

C. Houghtonii, Torr. Fairlee Lake, Jesup. 

C. stfigosus, L. Moist soil ; frequent. 

DULICHIUM 

D. spathaceum, Pers. Borders of ponds ; frequent. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 23 

ELEOCHARIS. Spike-rush 

E. acicularjs, R. Br. Pools and shores below high water mark ; common. 

E. diandra, C Wright, var. depressa, Fernald. Wet sands of Connecticut 
River, Westminster, Brainerd. See Rhodora, 2: 60. 1900. 

E. intermedia, Schnltes. In mire or wet sands ; occasional. 

E. obtusa, Schnltes. (E. ovata, of recent manuals.) Muddy places ; com- 
mon. 

E, obtusa, Schnltes. var. jejuna, Fernald. A dwarf form of drier ground ; 
frequent. 

E. olivacea, Torr. Soft mire ; Bristol Pond, Fringle ; Abby Pcnad, Ripton 
and Lake Dunmore, Brainerd. Kenney Pond, Newfane, Grout. 

E. ovata, R. Br. In soft black mire, inlet of Abby Pond, Ripton, Brainerd ; 
Spectacle Pond, Wallingford, Egg/eslon. Rare. 

E. ovata, R. Br. var. Heuseri, Uechtritz. Dead mouth of inlet. Lake Dun- 
more, Brainerd. See lihodora J: 137. 1899. 

E. palustris, R. Br. Low borders of ponds ; occasional. 

E. palustris, R. Br. var. calva, Gray. Stony clay, shores of Lake Cham- 
plain ; occasional. 

E. palustris, R- Br. var. glaucescens. Gray. Moist grassy places ; common. 

E. palustris, R. Br. var. vigens, Bailey. Low sandy shores of Lake Cham- 
plain ; frequent. 

E. pauciflora, Link. (Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf. ) Wet soil, Lyndon, Cong- 
don; Willoughby Mt., Tuckerman. 

E. pygmaea, Torr. Near Willoughby Lake, Walter Deane. 

E. tenuis, Schnltes. Wet meadows and lake borders ; common. 

ERIOPHORUM Cotton-grass 

E, alpinum, L. Cold bogs, especially in mountains ; common. 

E. gracile, Koch. Bogs; Middlebury, Ripton, Brainerd; Ryegate, Blan- 
chard. 

E. gracile, Koch. var. paucinervium, Engelm. Bogs ; occasional. 

E. polystachyon, L. Springy hollows and bogs ; common. 

E. vaginatum, L. Peat bogs ; occasional. 

E. Virginicum, L. Peat bogs ; frequent. 

FIMBRISTYLIS 

F. autumnalis, R. & G. Lily Pond, Vernon, Grout. 

F. capillaris, Gray. (Stenophyllus capillaris, Britton. ) Dry sands ; rare. 


24 FLORA OF VERMONT 

RHYNCHOSPORA. F.eaked-kush 

R. alba, Vahl. Bogs ; frequent. 

R. capillacea, Torr. Willoughby Mountain, Jesup ; Hartford, Morgan. 

R. fusca, H- tt S. Low grounds; Thetford, Blanchard ; Wells River,. 
Horsford ; Thetford Centre, Jesup. 

R. glomerata, Vahl. Moist soil ; occasional. 

SCIRPUS. Bulrush, Club-rusii 

S. alratus, Fernald, (Rhodora 2: 18. 1900). (S. Peckii, Britton, in part.) 

]\Ioist meadows and borders of bogs in the mountains ; occasional. 
S. atrovirens, IMuhl. Moist meadows ; common. 

S, atrocinctus, Fernald. (See Rhodora, 2:17 and 1:137.) Wet meadows ; com- 
mon, especially in the mountains. 

S. atrocinctus, Fernald. var. grandis, Fernald. Ripton, Brainerd. (See 
Rhodora 2 : 17. 1900.) 

S. atrocinctus, Fernald. var. brachypodus, Fernald. Bogs at high altitudes ; 
occasional. 

S. caespitosus, L. 3Ioist rocks of alpine summits ; local. 

S. cyperinus, Kunth. (Eriophorum cyperinum, L. ) Wool-grass. Wet 
meadows ; common. 

S. cyperinus, Kunth. var. Andrewsii, Fernald. ]Middlebury, Brainerd. 

S. cyperinus, Kunth. var. condensatus, Fernald. Middlebury and Ripton^ 
Brainerd. 

S. debilis, I'ursh. Wet soil, Norwich, Jesup ; Westminister, Brainerd. 

S. fluviatilis. Gray. Marshy borders of bays and streams, Lake Champlain ; 
occasional. 

S. lacustris, L. In shallow water ; common. 

S. pedicellatus, Fernald. (Rhodora 2:16. 1900.) Swales; common. 

S. pedicellatus, Fernald. var. pullus, Fernald. Swales and boggy margins of 
ponds ; frequent. 

S. planifolius, ^luhl. ]\Iount Philo, Charlotte, Pringlc. 

S. pungens, ^'ahl. ( S. Americanus, Pers. ) Sandy borders of lakes ; frequent. 

S. rubrotinctus, Fernald. '^S. microcarpus, of 111. Flora, Britton & Brown. ) 
Wet meadows ; common, especially in mountains. 

S. Smithii, (iray. Keeler'sBay, Ferrisburgh, £. Fa.twi; mouth of Winooski 
I liver, Grout and Tracy. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 25 

S. subterminalis, Torr. Grout Pond, Stratton, Grout; Lake Dunmore, 
Brainerd. 

S. Torreyi, Olney. Muddy shores, Fort Cassin, Ferrisburgli, Bramerd ; 
Barnet, Blanchard ; ponds of Windham Co., Grout. 

ARACEAE 

ACORUS 
A. Calamus, L. Sweet Flag. Marshes ; common. 

ARIS.EMA 

A. Dracontium, Schott. Low grounds. " Shoreham," i?o6ft(Hs; Weybridge, 
Brainerd. 

A. triphyllum, Torr. Indian Turnip. Rich woods ; common. 

CALLA 
C. palustris, L. Wild Calla. Bogs and marshes ; frequent. 

PELTAXDRA 

P. undulata, Rat. Shallow water. Colchester Pond, Rohhins; Middlebury, 
Brainerd; Bristol Pond, Pri.ngle ; Lake Bomoseen marshes, Eggleston. 

SYMPLOCARPUS. (SPATHYEMA ) 

S. foetidus, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. Wet places ; occasional. Common 
about Burlington. 

LEMNACEAE 

LEMXA. Duckweed 

L. minor, L. X'orth Hero, iiio66/Hs ; W\%\\g?iie, .Tesup ; Thetlord, Blanchard ; 

Burlington, .foncK. 
L. trisulca, L. Siill water; frequent in marshes bordering Lake Champlain. 

SPIRODELA 
S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. Duckweed. Stagnant pools ; common. 

XYRIDACEAE 

XYRLS 

X. Caroliniana, Walt. Wet borders of ponds ; " Brattleboro," Frost ; Xew- 
fane. Grout. 


26 FLORA OF VERMONT 

ERIOCAULEAE 

ERIOCArLON 
E. septangulare, Withering. Borders of ponds and'lakes ; frequent. 

PONTEDERIACEAE 

HETERANTHERA 
H. gfaminea, Vahl. (H. dubia, MacM. ) Ponds and streams ; frequent. 

PONTEDERIA 
P. cordata, L. Pickerel Weed. Borders of ponds and slow streams; frequent. 

JUNCACEAE. RUSH FAMILY 

JUNCUS. Rush 

J. alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. (J. Richardsoniauus, Schult. ) Knight's 
Island, Fringle. 

J. articulatus, L. Peachani, Blancliard ; Joe's Pond, W. Danville, Jones; 
]Mancliester, Miss Day ; Pownal, Eggleston. 

J. brachyccphalos, Bach. (J. Canadensis, .T. (Jay. var. brachj'cephalus, En- 
gelm.) Moist sandy soil. New Haven and Woodbury, Brainerd ; Que- 
chee Gulf and Powna!. Eggleston. 

J. bufonius, L. Low ground ; common. 

J. Canadensis, J- Gay. Borders of ponds ; common. 

J. Canadensis, J. Gay. var. brevicaudatus, Engelm. (J. Canadensis, J. Gay, 
var. coarctatus, Engelm.) Moist places in mountains ; common. 

J. effusus, L. Moist meadows ; common. 

J. filiformis, L. Sandy shores of northern Lake Champlain and on moun- 
tain summits ; occasional. 

J. Greenii, Oakes and Tuckerm. Newfane, M. A. Ifoue. 

J. marginatus, Roslk. Newfane, .1/. A. Howe. 

J, nodosus, L. Wet meadows ; common. 

J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Shores of ponds ; occasional. 

J. tenuis, Willd- Fields ; common. 

J. trifidus, L. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, Ro'jhlns ; Camel's Hump, Tucker- 
man and Macrae. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 27 

LUZULA. (JUNCOIDES) 

L. campestris, DC. Dry woods and fields ; frequent. 

L. spadicea, DC, var. mclanocarpa, Meyer. (J. parviflorum, Coville.) Wet 
places at high altitudes. ^Nlt. Mansfield, Robhins ; Camel's Hump, 
Tuckermnn and Macrae; Killington, Sargent and Eggleslon; Pleiad 
Lake, Hancock, Brainerd. 

L. spicata, Desvaux. Smuggler's Notch, Pringle. Nearly extinct. 

L. vernalis, DC. Woods and banks ; frequent. 

LILIACEAE. LILY FAMILY 

ALLIUM. Onion 

A. FisTULosuM, L. Welch Onion. Manchester, Miss Dag. 

A, Schoenoprasum, L. Chives. Moist rocky shores of Connecticut River. 
Windsor, Ldaiul ; Harbland, Eggleslon. 

A, tricoccum. Ait. Wild Leek. Rich woods ; frequent. 

ASPARAGUS 
A. OFFICINALIS, L. Escaped from gardens ; occasional. 

CLINTONIA 
C. borealis, Raf. Cool moist woods ; common. 

ERYTHRONIU.AL Dog-tooth Violet 

E. Americanum, Ker. Adder's Tongue. Rich'copses and woodlands ; com- 
mon. 

HEMEROL'ALLLS. Day Lily 
H. FULVA, L. Roadside escape from gardens ; occasional. 

LILUM. Lily. 

L. Canadense, L. Yellow Lily. Moist meadows ; common. 

L. Philadelphicum, L. Red Lily. Sandy open woodlands ; common. 

L. TiGRiNUM, Ker. Tiger Lily. Roadside escape from gardens. Peacham, 
Blanchard ; Rutland, Eggleslon; Burlington, Mss i?roR'n. 

MAIANTHEMUM 
M, Canadense, Desf. Woods ; common. 

MEDEOLA 
M. Virginiana, L. Indian Cucumber. Rich moist woods ; common. 


28 FLORA OF VERMONT 

OAKESIA. (UVULAIUA) 
O. sessilifolia, Watson. Moist woodlands ; common. 

POLYGONATUM. Solomon's Seal 
P. biflorum, Ell. Wooded hillsides ; common. 
P. giganteum, Dietrich. (P. commutatum, Dietr.) Meadows and river 

banks. "Hartford," Ward; Manchester and Vernon, Grout; Fairlee, 

Jesup and Sargent ; Pownal, Eggleston and Andrews. 

SMILACINA. (YAGNERA) False SolomoxN's Seal 
S. racemosa, Deaf. Moist copses ; common. 
S. stellata, Desf. Moist banlcs and meadows ; frequent. 
S. trifolia, Desf. Cold sphagnum swamps ; occasional. 

SMILAX. Green-brier 
S. hcrbacea, L. River banks and moint thickets ; frequent. 

STREPTOPUS. Twisted Stalk 
S. amplexifolius, DC. Wet mountain woods ; frequent. 
S. roseus, Michx. Cold damp woods ; common. 

TOFIELDIA 

T. glatinosa, Willd. ^Quechee Gulf, Leland. [Sumner's Falls, Plainfield, 
N. H., Sarg€nt.'\ 

TRILLIU:M. Wake-robin 
T. cernuum, L. Nodding Trillium. Moist woods ; occasional. 
T. erectum, L. Purple Trillium. Rich woods ; common. 

T. grandiflorum, Salisb. White Trillium. Rich moist woods of western Yer- 
mont ; common in the Champlain valley. Not known east of the Green 
Mountains. 

T. undulatum, Willd. (T. erythrocarpum, Michx.) Painted Trillium. Cool 
moist woods ; frequent. 

UYULARIA. Bellwort 

U. grandiflora, Smith. Rich woods ; common. 

U. perfoliata, L. West Rutland, rare, Pownal, abundant, Eggleston. 

YERATRUM. False Hellebore 
V. viride, Ait. Indian Poke. Wet meadows and swamps ; common. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 29 

ZYGADENUS 
Z. elegans, Pursh. Bluffs of Lake Champlain, Ferrisburgh, Brainerd. 

IRIDAGEAE, IRIS FAMILY 

IRIS 
I. versicolor, L. Blue Flag. Wet meadows ; common. 

SISYRINCHIUM. Blue-eyed Grass 
S. angustifolium, Mill. ^Nloist meadows ; common. 
S. Atlanticum, Bicknell. Stratton, above 2000 feet, Grout. 

ORCHID ACE AE. ORCHID FAMILY 

APLECTRUM 
A. hiemale, Nutt. (A. spicatum, B. S. P.) Ricli woods ; occasional. 

ARETHUSA 
A. bulbosa, L. Sphagnum bogs ; occasional. 

CALOPOGON. (LIMODORUM) 
C, pulchellus, R. Br. (L. tuberosum, L. ) Bogs ; occasional. 

CALYPSO 

C. borealis, Salisb. (C. bulbosa, Oakes.) Cold cedar swamps of the northern 
counties ; rare. 

CORALLORHIZA. Coral-root 

C. innata, R. Br. (C. Corallorhiza, Karst.) Swamps and damp woods ; fre- 
quent. 

C. multiflora, Nutt. Dry woods ; occasional. 

C. odontorhua, Natt. "Bellows Falls," Careij ; Pease Mountain, P r ingle ; 
Pownal, Eggleslon. 

CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady's-slipper. Moccasin-flower 

C. acaule, Ait. Stemless Lady's-slipper. Woods and swamps ; frequent. 

C arietinum, R. Br. Ramshead. Rocky woods and swamps ; local and rare. 

C. parviflorum, Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady's-slipper. Bogs and low 
woods ; frequent. 

C. pubescens, Willd. (C. hirsutum, Mill.) Larger Y'ellow Lady's-slipper. 
Rich moist woods ; frequent. 


30 FLORA OF VERMONT 

C. spectabile, Salisb. (C. reginae, Walt.) Showy Lady's-slipper. Cold 
swamps ; occasional. 

GOODYERA. (PERAMIUM.) Rattle-snake Plantain 

G. pubescens, R. Br. Dry woods at low attitudes ; occasional. 

G. repens, R. Br. Hemlock woods, Abby Pond, Ripton, Brainerd. 

G. repens, R. Br. var. ophioides, Fernald. Cold mossy spruce woods ; fre- 
quent. 

G. tesselata, Lodd. See Rhodora 1 : 6. 1899. Cold moist woods at high 
altitudes ; occasional. 

HA BEN ARIA 

H. blcphariglottis, Torr. White Fringed Orchid. Bogs. "N. Troy," Care?/; 
Smuggler's Notch, Eggkston : Burlington, Torreij ; .Johnson, Grout. 

H, bracteata, R. Br. Damp woods and meadows ; frequent. 

H. dilatata, Gray. Cold bogs ; frequent. 

H. fimbriata, R. Br. (H. granditlora, Torr. ) Purple Fringed Orchid. Cool 
mountain woods and meadows ; occasional. A form witli white, fra- 
grant flowers, Nebraska Notch, Underbill, Eggkston. 

H. Hookeriana, A. Gray. (H. Hookeri, Torr.) Dry woods ; occasional. 

H. hyperborea, R. Br. Bogs and cold woods ; frequent. 

H. lacera, R. Br. Ragged Fringed Orchid. Moist ground. Rutland, Hub- 
bardton, Pownal, Eggkston; Ferrisburgh, E. Faxon. 

H. obtusata, Richardson. Cold mountain woods ; occasional. 

H. orbiculata, Torr. Cold rich woods ; frequent. 

H. psy codes. Gray. Purple Fringed Orchid. Wet meadows and bogs ; fre- 
quent. 

H. tridentata, Hook. (H. clavellata. Spring.) Bogs and wet borders of^ 
ponds ; occasional. 

H. virescens, Spreng. (H. flava, A. Gray.) Moist soil ; local. 

LIPARIS. TWAY-BLADE 

L. liliifolia, Richard. Swamps. "Bellows Falls," Carey; "Windsor," 
Leland ; Middlebury, Brainerd. 

L. Loeseliit Richard. Moist banks ; frequent. 

LISTER A. TwAY-BLADE 

L. convallarioides, Nutt. Cold mountain bogs and brooksides ; rare. 

L. cordata, R. Br. Sphagnum bogs and mossy mountain woods ; frequent. 


FLORA OF' VERMONT 31 

MICROSTYLIS. ( ACHROANTHES) 
M, monophyllos, Lindl. Swamps ; rare. 
M, ophioglossaides, Nutt. (A. uuifolia, Raf. ) Open woods; occasional. 

ORCHIS 

O. rotuadifolia, Parsh. Cjld cedar swamps. Monkton and Bristol, Pri?i^/e. 

O. spjctabilis, L. Showy Orchis. Rich, moist woods at lower altitudes ; 
common. 

POGONIA 

P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Bogs ; frequent. 

P. oendula, Lindl. (P. trianthophora, B. S. P.) Dry woodlands. Fair 
Haven, Chandler (Specimen in herbarium Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); 
Newfane, //bu'e and Grout; Westminster, Blanchard. 

P. verticillata, Nutt. Colchester, Robbin.t, Torrei/ ; 'Powna.l, Andrews. (Speci- 
men in Williams College herbarium) 

SPIRANTHES. (GYROSTACHYS.) Ladies' Tresses 

S. ccrnua, Richard. Wet soil ; common. 

S. gracilis, Bigelow. Sandy woods and plains ; occasional, 

S, latifolia, Torr. (G. plantaginea, Britton.) Wet gravelly shores; occa- 
sional. 

S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Bogs and cold moist soil ; occasional. 


DICOTYLEDONS. 


JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY 

CARYA. (HICORIA) 

C. alba, Nutt. (H. ovata, Britton.) Shellbark Hickory. Rich soil ; fre- 
quent west of the Green IVIountains ; less so in the southern Connecti- 
cut valley and its tributaries. 

C. amara, Nutt. (H. minima, Britton.) Bitternut Hickory. Moist soil; 
frequent, with range about as the preceding. 

C. pofcina, Nutt. (H. glabra, Britton.) Pignut. W. Castleton, Pownal, 
Eggleston. Marsh Hill, Ferrisburgh, Bralnerd. 

JUGLANS 
J. cinerea, L. Butternut. Rocky hillsides ; frequent. 


32 FLORA OF VERMONT 

MYRICACEAE 

MYKICA. 
M. asplenifolia, Endl. (Comptonia peregrina, Coulter.) Sweet Fern. Dry 

sterile soil ; common. 
M. Gale, L- Sweet Gale. Swamps and borders of ponds ; frequent. 

SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY 

POPULUS. Poplar 

P. ALBA, L. White Poplar. Frequently spreading from the roots or es- 
caped from cultivation. 

P. balsamifcra, L. Balm of Gilead. Balsam Poplar. Borders of streams 
and swamps ; frequent. 

P. DiLATATA, Ait. Lombardy Poplar. Frequent in cultivation and spreading 
from the root. Only staminate trees occur. 

P. deltoides, Marsh. (P. monilifera, Ait.) Cottonwood. Borders of streams 
and lakes ; frequent in western Vermont and in the Connecticut valley 
as far north as Brattleboro. 

P. grandidcntata, Michx. Large-tooth Aspen. Ricli woods ; frequent. 

P. tremuloides, Michx. American Aspen. Woods : common. 

SALIX. Willow 

S. Alba, L. var. vitellina, Koch. White Willow. Frequent in cultivation 
and as an escape by banks of streams. 

S. balsamifcra, Barratt. Mt. Mansfield, Prlagle ; Long Pond, Westmore, 
E. Fa.ron ; Elmore Mountain, Grout. 

S. Candida, Willd. Cold bogs ; rare. 

S. cordata, I\Iuhl. Low wet soil ; common. 

S. discolor, Muhl. Wet soil ; common. 

S. disolor, Muhl. var. prinoides, Anders. Johnson, Grout. 

S. fluviatilis, Nutt. (S. longifolia, Muhl.) Shores of Lake Champlain and 
of the Connecticut River ; rare. 

S. fragilis, L. Crack Willow. Common in cultivation and as an escape 
by streams and ponds. 

S. humilis, ^larsh. Sandy barrens ; frequent. 

S. lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow. Moist banks ; frequent. 

S. myrtilloides, L. I'eat bogs. Burlington, Rohhins ; Bristol Bog, Pringle ; 
Rutland, Rosa. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 33 

S. nigra, Marsh. Black Willow. Banks of streams and ponds ; common. 

S. nigra, Marsh, var. falcata, Torr. Frequent, with the species. 

S. pctiolaris, Smith. Swamps and shores of Lake Champlain ; occasional. 

S. phylicifolia, L. Lake of the Clouds, Mt. Mansfield, Pringle. Two forms 
occur here, the one broad leaved, the other narrow leaved ; the latter 
may be distinct. 

S, PURPUREA, L. Formerly cultivated for basket rods, now occasional as an 
escape by water sides. 

S. rostrata, Richardson. (S. Bebbiana, Sargent.) Borders of thickets ; com- 
mon. 

S. sericea. Marsh. In swamps and along streams ; occasional. 

S. Uva-ursi, Pursh. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, Rohbins. 

S. discolor x humilis, Bebb. Johnson, Grout. 

S, FRAGiLis X ALBA, Bcbb. Johnson, Grout. 

S. sericea x cordata, Bebb. Johnson, Grout. 

CUPULIFERAE. OAK FAMILY 

ALNUS. Alder 

A. incana, Willd. Borders of streams ; common. 

A. serrulata, Willd. (A. rugoaa, Koch.) Moist soil ; frequent. 

A. viridis, DC- (A. Alnobetula, Koch.) Higher mountain summits ; com- 
mon ; rocky shores Connecticut River, occasional. Burlington Bay, 
Mrs. Flynn. 

A. serrulata x incana. Burlington Bay, J(jnes and Eggleston. 

BETULA. Birch 

B. lenta, L. Sweet or Black Birch. Rich woodlands ; frequent in western 

Vermont and in the southern Connecticut valley. 

B. lutea, ^lichx. f. Yellow Birch. Rich cool soils ; frequent, especially on 
mountain sides. 

B. papyrifera, Marshall. Paper or Canoe Birch. Common. 

B. papyrifera, Marshall, var. minor, Tuckerman. Summit Mt. Mansfield, 

Eggleston. - 

B. populifolia, Ait. White Birch. Frequent in the Champlain valley, less 

so in southern Vermont. 

CARPINUS 

C. Caroliniana, Walter. Blue Beech. Near streams ; common. 


34 FLORA OF VERMONT 

CASTANEA 

C. sativa, Mill., var. Americana^ Watson. (C. dentata, Borkh.) Chestnut. 
Frequent in the lower Connecticut valley and in southwestern Ver- 
mont ; a few trees at Burlington. 

CORYLUS. Hazelnut 

C. Americana, Walt. Thickets ; frequent. 
C. rostrata, Ait. Dry thickets ; common. 

FAGUS 

F. ferruginea, Ait. (F. Americana, Sweet. ) Beech. Common. 

OSTRYA 

O. Virginica, Willd. (0. Virginiana, Wiild. ) Hop Hornbeam. Common. 

QUERCrS. Oak 

Q. alba, L. White Oak. Common west of the Green Mountains, less so in 
the southern Connecticut valley. 

Q. bicolof, Willd. (Q. platanoides, Sudw. ) Swamp White Oak. Low moist 
soil ; frequent in the Champlain valley, especially near the lake. 

Q. velutina. Lam. (Q. cocinea, Wang. var. tinctoria, Gray.) Yellovv Oak. 
Dry light soil ; frequent in western Vermont and in the southern Con- 
necticut valley. 

Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (Q. nana, Sargent.) Dry sandy soil. " Bellows Falls," 
Carey ; Brattleboro, Grout. 

Q. macrocarpa, INIichx. Bur Oak. Rich soil ; occasional in ihe Champlain 
valley, more common in Addison county. 

Q. Muhlenbcrgii, Engelm. (Q. acuminata, Sargent.) Gardiner's Island, Fer- 
risburgh, Pringle. 

Q. prinoides, Willd. Dry hillsides. '' Pownal," Rohbins ; North Pownal, 
Eggleston ; Snake Mountain, Brainercl. 

Q. Prinus, L. Chestnut Oak. Dry rocky hillsides of western Vermont ; 
frequent from Charlotte, Pringle, through Addison county, Brainerd, 
and Rutland to Pownal, Eggleston. 

Q, rubra, L. Red Oak. Common. 

Q. macrocarpa x alba, Charlotte, Pringle. 

Q. Prinus x alba. Monkton, Pringle. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 35 

URTICACEAE. NETTLE FAMILY 

BCEHMERIA 

B. cylindrica, Willd. 'Moist shady ground ; common. 

CANNABIS 

C. SATIVA, L. Hemp. Waste places ; occasional. 

CELTIS 

C. occidentalis, L. Hackberrj'. River banks and intervals. Burlington, 
Bobbins, Collins; Highgate Springs and Norwich, Jesup ; Monkton, 
Horsford ; New Haven and Cornwall, Bminerd; Windsor, Egcjleston. 

HUMULUS 
H. Lupulus, L. Hop. Occasional by waysides as an escape from cultivation. 

LAPORTEA 

L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. (Utricastrum divaricatum, Kuntze.) Moist rich 
woods ; common. 

MORUS 

M. ALBA, L. White Mulberry. Often planted and occasionally escaped. 
Middlebury, Brainerd; Burlington, Mrs. Flynn. 

M. rubra, L. Red Mulberry. Rich woods. Pownal, OaA-es; Noi'thPownal, 
EggJeston. 

PARIETARIA 

P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Rocky banks and cliffs ; occasional in western 
Vermont. 

PILE A. (ADICEA) 
P. pumila, Gray. Cool moist woods ; common. 

ULMUS 

U. Americana, L. American or White Elm. Moist soil ; common. 

U. fulva, Michx. Slippery Elm. Rich rocky woods ; frequent. 

U. racemosa, Thomas. Cork Elm. Limestone soils, western Vermont ; 
rare. 

URTICA 

U. gracilis. Ait. Fence rows and moist ground ; common. 

U. URENS, L. W^aste places. Barnet, iJ/ajjc/fan/; Royalton, Ward. 


36 FLORA OF VERMONT 

LORANTHACEAE 

ARCEUTHOBIUM. ( R AZOUMOFSK YA ) 

A. pusillum. Peck. Dwarf Mistletoe. Occasional as a parasite on spruces 
and tamarack. Rhodora 2 : 1. Jan. 1900. 

SANTALACEAE 

COMANDRA 
C. livida, Richardson. Summit of Mt. Mansfield under stunted balsams, 

Pringle. 
C. umbellata, Natt. Dry thickets ; frequent. 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 

ASARUM 
A. Canadense, L. Wild Ginger. Rich rocky woods ; common. 

POLYGONACEAE. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 

FAGOPYRUM 

F. EscuLENTUM, Moeuch. (F. Fagopyrum, Karst. ) Buckwheat. Persisting 
from cultivation. 

F. Tataricum, Gaertn. Indian Wlieat. Persisting in cultivated fields. 

POLYGONUM 

P. acre, HBK. var. leptostachyum, Meisn. Water Smartweed. Wet mead- 
ows ; occasional. 

P. amphibium, L. Margins of ponds and slow streams ; occasional. 

P. arifolium, L. Low grounds ; frequent. 

P. aviculare, L. Knotgrass. Common in door yards and roadsides. Abroad 
leaved form is P. littorale, Link. 

P. Careyi, Olney. Brattleboro, Frost ; Newfane and Brattleboro, Grout. 

P. cilinode^ Michx. Rocky copses ; frequent. 

P. Convolvulus, L. Tilled fields ; common. 

P. Douglassii, Greene. Dry soils ; occasional in Champlain valley. 

P. dumetorum, L. var. scandens, Gray. (P. scandens, L. ) Moist thickets; 
frequent. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 3/ 

P. erectum, L. Rutland, Bennington, Pownal, EggleMon ; Middlebury, 
Brainerd ; Burlington, Mrs. Flynn. 

P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Marshes ; occasional. 

P. Hydropiper, L. Smartweed. Moist places ; common. 

P. hydropiperoides, INlichx. Wet places and shallow water ; occasional. 

P. lapathifolium, L. var. incaraatum, Watson. (P. incarnatum, Ell.) Alluvial 
fields ; frequent in the Champlain valley. 

P. Muhlenbergii, Watson. (P. emersum, Britton. ) ]Muddy or dry places; 
frequent. 

P. ORiENTALE, L. PHnce's Feather. Persisting about gardens. 

P. Pennsylvanicum, L. ]\Ioist soil ; common. 

P. Persicaria, L. Lady's Thumb. Waste places ; a common weed. 

P. ramosissimum, Michx. Frequent about dwellings. 

P. sagittatum, L. Tear-thumb. Low ground ; common. 

P. Virginianum, L. Moist thickets ; occasional. 

P. viviparum, L. Mt. Mansfield, Pringle. 

RUMEX. Dock 

R. AcETOSA, L. Charlotte, Pringle ; Burlington, Jones. 

R. AcETt).sELLA, L. Sheep Sorrel. Fields ; common. 

R. Britannica, L. Wet places ; frequent. 

R. CRispus, L. Curled Dock. Fields and waste places ; common. 

R. OBTUsiFOLius, L. Bitter Dock. Fields and waste places ; common. 

R. Patientia, L. (!)ccasional ; apparently becoming more common. 

R. verticillatus, L. Swamps ; common in the western counties. 

CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 

ATRIPLEX 

A. patulum, L. Waste places, especially along railways; naturalized; 
occasional. 

CHEXOPODIFM. Pigweed 

C. album, L. Pigweed. Fields ; common. 

C. ambrosioides, L. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle. 

C. BoTRYs, L. Waste places ; becoming common. 

C. capitatum, Watson. (Blitum capitatum, L. ) Dry rich ground; appar- 
ently indigenous in places, occasionally introduced. 


38 FLORA OF VERMONT 

C GLAUCUM, L. Railroad yards, Burlington, Bennington and Ferrisburgh. 
C hybridum, L. Shady ledges and waste places ; frequent. 
C. rRBicFM, L. Lumber yards. Burlington, Hove. 

KOCH I A 
K. 8C0PARIA, Schrad. Adventive in Pringle's door yard. East Charlotte. 

AMARANTACEAE 

ACNIDA 

A. tuberculata, ^loq. var. subnuda, Watson. (A. tamariscina var. tuberculata, 
Uline and Bray.) Shady banks of slow streams or bays, Champlain 
valley ; frequent. 

AMARAXTUS 

A. blitoides, Watson. Yards and waste places ; occasional, becoming more 
common. 

A. graecizans, L. (A. albus, L. ) Waste places ; a recently introduced weed; 
railroad yards and gardens. Burlington, Charlotte, Pringle ; Benning- 
ton, Egglesion. 

A. HYBRiDus, L. (A. hypochondriacus, L. ) Old garden, Peacham, i?/cmcAa)-c?. 

A. HYBRIDUS, L. var. paxicxt^atus, Uline and Bray. (A. paniculatus, L. ) 
Shelburne, garden weed, Pringle ; West Windsor, Blanchard. 

A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Rich cultivated ground ; common. 

PHYTOLACCACEAE. POKEWEED FAMILY 

PHYTOLACCA 
P. decandra, L. Poke weed. Pastures and fields ; occasional. 

FICOIDEAE 

MOLLUGO 
M. vERTiciLLATA, L. Carpet Weed. Sandy banks and waste places; frequent 

PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE FAMILY 

CLAYTONL-^ 

C Caroliniana, Michx. Spring Beauty. Rich, open woods ; common. 

C. Virginica, L. Intervale in Colchester, Torrey, Jones ; New Haven, Pri n 
gle. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 89 

PORT^LACA 
P, OLERACEA, L. Purslaiie. Garden weed ; common. 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY 

AGROSTEMMA 
A. GiTiiAGo, L. (Lychnis Githago, Lam.) Corn Cockle. Fields ; occasional. 

ARENARIA. Sandwort 

A. Groenlandica, Spreng. Common on rocks at summits of i\It. Mansfield 
and Camel's Hump. 

A. lateriflora, L. (Moehringia lateriflora, Fenzl. ) ^loist banks and shores ; 
occasional. 

A. macrophylla. Hook. Abundant on limestone ledges above Proctorsville, 

Egglcstoyi. 

A. sERPYLLiFOLiA, L. Drv rocky places ; frequent. 

A. stricta, Michx. (A. ^Michauxii, Hook, f. ) Cliffs and headlands; occa- 
sional. 

A. verna, L. var. hirta, Watson. Smuggler's Notch, Pringle. 

CERASTHTINL Mouse-ear Chickweed 

C. arvense, L. Dry rocky places ; occasional. 

C. nutans, Raf. (C. longipedunculatum, Mulil.) Thin soil on ledges, west 
of the Green Mountains ; occasional. 

C. vuLGATU.M, L. Fields ; common. 

DLiNTHUS. PixK 

D. Akmekia, L. Fields ; Castleton. A'os.s. 

D. 13AKBATU8, L. Sweet William. Garden escape. Rutland, Egglenton ; 
Stowe, Wild; Manchester, iliss Dag. 

D. DELToiDEs, L. Roadsides and cemeteries ; occasional. 

LYCHNIS 

L, Ai.BA, Mill. (L. vespertina, Sibth.) Weed in fields; Veacham, BlanclKtrd ; 
Middlebury, Brainerd ; Clarendon Springs and Rutland, Eggleston. 

L. Chalcedon'ica, L. Peacham, Blanchard ; Barnet, Jesiip and Sorgmt. 

L. Coronaria, L. Rocky pastures ; abundant on Round Mountain, Shrews- 
bury, Eggleston ; Jamaica, Bales. 

L. DioicA, L. (L. diurna, Sibth.) Brattleboro, Bales and Jones. 


40 FLORA OF VERMONT 

SAGINA 

S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray. With Spergularia rubra, roadside below Brat- 

tleboro, Grout. 

S. procumbens, L. Springy places. "Brattleboro," Frost; Peacham, Blan- 
chard ; Newbury, Jesup and Sargent; Walden and Cabot, Burhank ; 
Randolph Center, Bates. 

SAPONARIA 

S. OFFICINALIS, L. Bouncing Bet. Waste places ; common. 

S. Vaccaeia, L. (Vaccaria vaccaria, Britt.) Vernon, Grout; Westmore, 
/. R. Churchill ; Pownal, Eggleston. 

SILENE 

S. antirrhina, L. Catchfly. Dry soil ; frequent. 

S. CrcL'BALus, Wibel. (S. vulgaris, Garcke.) Bladder Campion. Roadsides 
and fields ; occasional. 

S. NocTiFLOKA, L. Fields and waste places ; .occasioral. 

SPERGULA 
S. ARVEXsis, L. Corn Spurrey. Fields ; occasional. 

SPERGULARIA. (BUD A, TISSA) 
S. rubra, Presl. Royalton, Ward; Brattleboro, 6rrou^; Mi. 'RoWy, Eggleston. 

STELLARIA. (ALSINE.) Chickweed 

S. borealis, Bigel. Cold wet places in the mountains ; frequent. ' 

S. GRAMiNEA, L. Roadsidcs and moist grass lands ; frequent. 

S. longifolia, Muhl. Damp intervales and thickets ; occasional. 

S. MEDIA, Smith. In lawns and waste places ; abundant. 

S. uliginosa, Murr. About cold springs. Rochester, Chittenden, Eggleston ; 
Vernon, Grout. 

NYMPHAEACEAE. WATER LILY FAMILY 

BRASEXIA. Water Shield 
B. peltata, Pursh. (B. purpurea, Casp. ) Ponds; occasional. 

NUPHAR. (NYMPHyEA.) Yellow Pond Lily 

N. advena. Ait. f. Common in ponds and slow streams. 

N, advcna. Ait. f. var. minus, M(>rong. (Nymphtea rubrodisca, Greene. ) 
Still water ; occasional. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 41 

N. minimtjm, Smith. (N. Kalmianum, Ait.) Ponds and slow streams; 
frequent. 

NYMPH^A. (CASTALIA.) White Water Lily 

N. odorata. Ait. Ponds and slow streams ; common, 

N. odorata. Ait. var. minor, Sims. With the species ; frequent. 

N. reniformis, DC. (N. tuberosa, Paine.) Lake Champlain and tributaries ; 
common. 

ILLECEBRACEAE.' 

ANYCHIA 

A. capillacea, DC. (A, Canadensis, B. S. P.) Dry open woodlands. Pow- 
nalj Bobbins, Eggleston; West Rutland, Eggleslon. 

CERATOPHYLLACEAE 

CERATOPHYLLUM 
C. demersum, L. Slow streams and ponds ; frequent. 

MAGNOLIACEAE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY 

LIRIODENDRON 

L. Tulipifera, L. Tulip-tree. " Hoosic valley," Mrs. Carr ; Pownal, Eg- 
gleston. 

RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT FAMILY 

ACT^A. Cohosh ' 
A. alba, Bigel. White Baneberry. Rich woods ; common. 

A. spicata, L. var. rubra, Ait. (A. rubra, Willd.) Red Baneberry. Rich 
woods ; common. 

ANEMONE 

A. Canadensis, L. (A. Pennsylvanica, L. ) Stony banks; common along 
Lake Champlain and its tributaries. 

A, cylindrica. Gray. Dry woods and fields ; frequent. 

A. multifida, Poir. Colchester and Winooski Falls, Bobbins; Highgate 
Springs, Jesup. 

I The lUecebraceae should come after the Caropkyllaceae on the preceding page. 


42 FLORA OF VERMONT 

A. quinquefolia, L. (A. nemorosa, L. var. qiiinquefolia, Gray.) Wind Flower. 
Woodlands ; common. 

A. ripada, Fernald. (A. Virginiana, var. alba, Wood.) (Rhodora J : 51. 

1899. ) Gravelly and rocky banks ; frequent in western and northern 

Vermont. 
A. Virginiana, I'. Woods and meadows ; common. 

ANEMONELLA. (SYNDESMON) 

A, thalictroides, Spach. Rue Anemone. North Pownal, common on rich 
wooded hills, Eggki^ton. 

AQUILEGIA. Columbine 
A. Canadensis, L. Rocky places ; common. 
A, VULGARIS, L. Common in gardens and occasional as a wayside escape. 

CALTHA. Maksii Marigold 
C. palustris, L. Wet meadows and swamps ; common. 

CLEMATIS 
C. verticillaris, DC. (Atragene Americana, Sims. ) Rocky woods ; occasional. 
C. Virginiana, L. Virgin's Bower. River banks and moist thickets; common. 

COPTIS 
C trifolia, Salisb. Goldthread. Wet woods ; common. 

HEPATICA . 
H. acutiloba, DC. (H. acuta, Britton) Woods; common. 
H. triloba, Chaix. (H. Hepatica, Karst. ) Warm open woods ; frequent. 

HYDRASTIS 
H. Canadensis, L. Golden Seal. Shelburne, Horsford. 

RANUNCULUS. Buttercup 
R. abortivus, L. Shady banks ; common. 

R. abortivus, L. var. eucyclus, Fernald. (Rhodora 1 : 52. 1899.) Cool woods. 
North Pownal, Eggleston. 

R. acris, L. Everywhere common as a weed in grass lands. 

R. ACRi.s, L. var. Steveni, Andrez. (Rhodora I : 227. 1899.) Common. 

R. aquatilis, L. var. trichophyllus, Gray. (Batrachium trichophyllum, 
Bossch.) Ponds and slow streams ; frequent. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 43 

R. BULBOsus L. Sparingly introduced in fields ; Whiting, Brainerd; Thet- 
foid, Blanchard; Burlington, Collins; Pownal, EgglestotK 

R. circinatus, Sibth. ( Batrachiuni divarieatum, Wimm.) Ponds and slow 
streams ; rare. 

R. fascicularis, Muhl. "Burlington," Torreif ; "Norwich," Blanchard; 
" Brattleboro," Frost; Snake Mountain, Brainerd. 

R. Flammula, L. var. reptans, E. Meyer. (R. reptans, L. ) Sandy shores ; 
frequent. 

R. hispidus, Michx. Abundant on dry hills. North Pownal, Eggleston. 

R. multifidus, Pursh. (R. delphinifolius, Torr.) Still water and muddy 
banks; occasional. 

R. Pennsylvanicus, L. f. Wet places ; frequent. 

R. recurvatus, Poir. Moist woods and swamps ; frequent. 

R. repens, L. Campus, Burlington, introduced with grass seed, Jones. 

R. septcntrionalis, Poir. Wet places ; common. 

THALICTRUM. Meadow Rue 
T. dioicum, L. Rocky woodlands ; common. 
T. polygamum, Muhl. Moist meadows ; common. 

BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY 

BERBERIS 

B, VULGARIS, L. Barberry. Common in cultivation and a frequent escape. 

Especially abundant along streams in Ira, Eggleston. 

CAULOPHYLLUM 

C. thalictroides, Michx. Blue Cohosh. Rich woods ; common. 

PODOPHYLLUM 

P. peltatum, L. Mandrake. "Castleton," Branch; Middlebury, Brainerd; 
common at N. Pownal, Eggleston; also occasional as a garden escape. 

MENISPERMACEAE. MOONSEED FAMILY 

MENISPERMUM 
M. Canadense, L. Moonseed. Moist banks and thickets ; occasional. 


44 FLORA OF VERMONT 

LAURACEAE 

LINDERA. (BENZOIN) 
L. Benzoin, Bluine. Spicebush. Damp woods ; rare. 

SASSAFRAS 

S. officinale, Nees. (S. Sassafras, Karst. ) Pownal, Bobbins, Eggleston ; 
Hartland and Brattleboro, i?afcs; Vernon, Grout. 

PAPAVERACEAE. POPPY FAMILY 

CHELIDONIUM 
C MA.ius, L. Celandine. Waste places ; frequent. 

SANGUINARIA 
S. Canadensis, L. Blood-root. Borders of rich woods ; common.. 

FUMARIACEAE 

ADLUMIA 

A. chirrhosa, Raf. (A. fungosa, Greene.) Mountain Fringe. Rich, rocky 
woods ; occasional. 

CORYDALIS. (CAPXOIDES) 

C aurca, Willd. Rocky banks of western Vermont ; rare. Norwich, Jesup, 
probably introduced. 

C. glauca, Pursh. (C. sempervirens, Borck.) Rocky woodlands ; frequent. 

DICENTRA. (BICUCULLA) 

D, Canadensis, DC. Squirrel Corn. Rich woods ; frequent. 

D. Cucullaria, DC. Dutchman's Breeches. Rich wooded hillsides ; fre- 
quent. 

FUMARIA 

F, OFFICINALIS, L. Fumitory. Occasionally persistent in old gardens. 

CRUCIFERAE. MUSTARD FAMILY 

ARABIS. Rock Cress 

A. Canadensis, L. Shady ledges ; occasional. "Winooski Falls," Torrey ; 
Shoreham and Weybridge, Brainerd; Pownal and Twin Mountain, W. 
Rutland, Eggleston. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 45 

A. confinis, Watson. (A. brachycarpa, Britton) Dry, rocky banks and 
cliffs ; occasional. 

A. hirsuta. Scop. Rocky places ; frequent. 

A. laevigata, Poir. Rocky places ; occasional, 

A. lyiata, L. Mt. Equinox, ^Manchester, Miss Day : N. Pownal, Eggleston. 

A. perfoliata. Lam. (A. glabra, Bernh. ) Occasional, apparently becoming 

more common as an introduced weed in fields- 

BARBAREA. Winter Cress 

B. stricta, Andrz. Wet places ; frequent. 

B. vulgaris, R. Br. (B. Barbarea, MacM. ) (Including former variety 

arcuata.) Wet places ; common. 

BERTEROA 

B. iNCANA, DC. A weed in lawns. Burlington, il/is.s Towle ; roadside, Col- 
chester and Essex Junction, Mrs. Flynn. 

BRASSICA 
B. campestris, L. Wild Turnip. Fields ; frequent. 

B. .iuncea, Cosson. Indian Mustard. Fields and waste places ; occasional 
B. NIGRA Koch. Black Mustard. Waste places and fields ; frequent. 
B. SiNAPLSTRUM, Boiss. ( B. arvensis, B. S. P.) Charlock. Fields ; common. 

BRAYA 

B. humilis, Robinson. (Sisymbrium humile, Meyer. ) Willoughby Moun- 

tain, //. Mann. 

CAMELIXA. False Flax 

C. microcarpa, Andrz. (C. sativa of Gray Manual in part.) Weed in 

fields ; occasional. Burlington, Jones. The plant recorded as C- sativa 
by our earlier botanists, e. g. "I'errisburgh," Rohhins, "Bellows Falls," 
Carey, was probably C. microcarpa. 

CAPSELLA. (BURSA) 
C. BuRSA-PASTORis Moeuch. Shepherd's Purse. Waste places ; common. 

CARDAMINE 

C. parviflora, L. (C. hirsuta, L. var. sylvatica. Gaud.) Dry rocky woods ; 
occasional. 


46 FLORA OF VERMONT 

C Pennsylvanica, Muhl. (C. hirsuta of Gray Manual in part.) Cold wet 

common. A form with more spreading pods, C. Jiexuosa, occurs woods ; 

in the mountains. 
C. pratensis, L. Cold wet meadows. "Whiting and Alburgh," Chandler; 

"St. Albans," Robbins ; Middlebnry, Brainerd ; W. Rutland, Mrs. 

Flynn ; Ira, EggleMon. 

C. rhomboidea, DC. (C. bulbosa, B. S. P. ) Cold, wet meadows. "Castleton," 

Robbins; Middlebury, Brainerd; Rutland and Ira, Eggleston ; W. Rut- 
land, J/r.s. Flynn. 

DENT ARIA. Pfpper-root 

D. diphylla, L. Rich, moist woods ; common. 

D. laciniata, Muhl. Rich woods. "Castleton," Robbins; Shelburne, Prin- 
gle ; Colchester, Torreg ; Gardiner's Island, Horsford ; Proctor, Ross; 
S. Hero, Brainerd. 

D. maxima, Nutt. Shelburne, Pringle ; Burlington, Perkins; Norwich, 
Eggleston. 

DRABA 

D. incana, L. Willoughby Mountain, Tackerman ; Smuggler's Notch, Prm- 
gle. 

D, incana, L. var. arabisans, Watson. Mountain cliffs and headlands of Lake 

Chaniplain ; occasional. 

ERYSIMUM 

E. cheiranthoides, L. A weed in fields ; occasional, but apparently increas- 

ing. 

HESPERIS 
H. MATRONALis, L. Rocket. Middlebury, Brainerd ; Monkton, Eggleston. 

LEPIDIUM. Peppergrass 

L. apetalum, Willd. (L. intermedium, Gray.) Dry soil, especially along 
railroads ; common. 

L. CAMPESTRE, Br. Brattleboro, Bates ; Vergennes and Burlington, Jones. 

L. Virginicum, L. Dry soil, especially along railroads ; frequent. 

NASTURTIUM . ( RORIPA. ) Water Cress 

N. Ar.moracia, Fries. Horseradish. Moist places about dwellings ; fre- 
quent. 

N. lacustre, Gray. (R. Americana, Britton. ) Marshy borders of inlets of 
Lake Champlain ; occasional. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 47 

N. OFFICINALE, R. Br. (R. Nasturtium, Rusby. ) Water Cress. Cool running 
waters, Rutland, Bennington, Eggleston ; Charlotte, Prin^/Zg; Randolph, 
Bates. 

N. SYLVE.STRE, R. Br. Yellow Cress. Alluvial meadows of the Connecticut 
River; frequent. "A persistent weed in intervals at Westminster, 
although it rarely, if ever, produces viable seed." W. H. Blanchard. 

N. terrestre, R. Br. (N. palustre, DC.) Dry soil. Ripton, Brainerd. 

N. terrestre, R. Br. var. hispidum, Fisch. and Mey. (R. hispida, Britton.) 
Wet places ; frequent. 

RAPHANUS 

R, Raphanistrum, L. Radish. "South Hero," Robbins ; Windsor, Hart- 
land, Eggleston ; Westminster, Blanchard. 

SISYMBRIUM 

S. ALTissiMUM, L. Fort Ethan Allen, Mrs. Flgnn ; Railroad, INIiddlebury, 
Brainerd. 

S. OFFICINALE, Scop. Hedge Mustard. Common in waste places. 

SUBULARIA 
S. aquatica, L. Abundant in South Pond, Marlboro, Grout. 

THLASPI 
T. ARVENSK, L. Penny Cress. Waste places ; occasional. 

CAPPARIDACEAE. CAPER FAMILY 

POLANISIA 
P. graveolens, Raf. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain ; common. 

SARRACENIACEAE. PITCHER PLANT FAMILY 

SARRACENIA 

S. purpurea, L. Pitcher-plant. Sphagnum bogs ; frequent. 

DROSERACEAE. SUNDEW FAMILY 

DROSERA. Sundew 

D. intermedia, Hayne. (D. intermedia, Hayne, var. Americana, DC.) Bogs. 
Fort Ethan Allen Pond, Princ/^e ; Waterman's Pond, Thetford, Blan- 
chard. Ponds of Windham County. 

D. rotundifolia, L. Bogs and wet banks ; frequent. 


48 FLORA OF VERMONT 

CRASSULACEAE. ORPINE FAMILY 

PENTHORUM 
P. sedoides, L. Ditches and swamps ; frequent. 

SEDUM. Stonecrop 
S. ACRE, L. On rocks ; occasional. 
S. Telephium, L. Live-forever. Fields and roadsides ; common, 

SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 

CHRYSOSPLENIUM 
C. Americanum, Schwein. Wet shady places ; common. 

MITELLA. MiTREwoRT 
M. diphylla, L. Rich woods ; common, 
M. nuda, L. Deep moist woods, in moss ; frequent. 

PARNASSIA 

P. Caroliniana, Michx. Grass-of- Parnassus. Wet banks and meadows ; 
common in Bennington county, occasional elsewhere. 

RIBES 

R. Cynosbati, L. Wild Gooseberry. Rocky woods ; common. 

R. floridum, L'Her. Black Currant. Moist rich woods ; frequent* 

R. lacustret Poir. Cold swamps and mountain woods ; frequent. 

R. oxyacanthoides, L. Cold swamps ; frequent. 

R, prostratum, L' Her. Fetid Currant. Cold banks and mountain woods; 
frequent. 

R. rubrum, L. var. subglandulosum, Maxim. Red Currant. Cold swamps 
and mountain woods ; occasional. 

SAXIFRAGA. Saxifrage 

S. aizoides, L. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. Moist cliffs, Willoughby 
Mountain, A. Wood; Smuggler's Notch, Pringle. 

S, Auoon, Jacq. Mountain Saxifrage. Willoughby Mountain, Smuggler's 
Notch, Hazen's Notch, Montgomery, Pringle. 

S. oppositifolia, L. Willoughby Mountain, .4. Wood; Smuggler's Notch, 
Pringle. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 49 

S. Pennsylvanica, L. Swamp Saxifrage. Bogs; common. 

S. Virginiensis, Michx. Early Saxifrage. Exposed rocks and dry hillsides ; 
common. 

TIARELLA 
T. cordifolia, L. False Mitre wort. Rich moist woods ; common. 

HAMAMELIDEAE 

HAMAMELIS 
H. Virginiana, L. Witch Hazel. Low woods ; common. 

PLATANACEAE 

PLATA NUS 
P. occidentalis, L. Sycamore. Alluvial banks ; occasional. 

ROSACEAE. ROSE FAMILY 

AGRIMONIA.' AGRIMONY 

A. striata, Michx. (A. Brittoniana, Bicknell. A. Eupatoria, American 
authors in part. ) Thickets and roadsides especially in mountain towns; 
frequent. 

A. gryposepala, Wallr. (A. hirsuta, Bicknt'U. A. Eupatoria, American 
authors in part.) Woods and thickets ; frequent. 

AMELANCHIER.2 Service Berry 

A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. Shad Bush. Woods; common. 

A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, var. (?) oblongifolia. Torn & Gray. (A. Botry- 
apium, DC.) Cold swamps ; frequent. 

A, Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, var. rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray. (A. rotundi- 
folia, Roem. ) Rocky shores of Connecticut and Champlain valleys ; oc- 
casional. 

A. oligocarpa, Roem. Summit? of the higher mountains ; occasional. 

A. spicata, Dec. Dry rocky woods ; frequent. 


1 See Robinson, B. Iv, The Nomenclature of our New England Agrimonies. Rhodora. 
December, 1900. 

2 Several other distinct forms oi Avielaric/ner, perhaps good species, occur in I he State 
and are awaiting critical study. 


50 FLORA OF VERMONT 

CRATvEGrS. Hawthorn 

C. coccinea, L. Scarlet Thorn. The plants of Vermont which have here- 
tofore passed under this name are apparently of six or more distinct 
species. They are being carefully studied by Professor C. S. Sargent 
who will doubtless soon report his conclusions. 

C. Qus-galli, L. Cockspur Thorn. Ferrisburgh, Horsford; Mt. Inde- 
pendence, Eggleston; Gardiner's Island, C. E. Finney ; Chimney Point, 
BroAncnl. 

C macracantha, Lodd. (C. coccinea, L. var. macracantha, Dudley.) Long- 
spine Thorn. Moist thickets and rich hillsides ; common. 

C. OxY.\CANTHA, L. EugUsh Hawthorn. Occasionally escaped from culti- 
vation. "Peachara," 5^aJic/iard; Burlington, ./ojies ; Knight's Island, 
Brainerd. 

C. pruinosa, Wend. Thickets, waysides and pastures ; frequent. Fruit 
very distinct, glaucous, deep red, ripening late. 

C. punctata, .Tacq. Dotted Thorn. Common. 

C. rotundifolia, Borck. Old pastures and waysides ; occasional. 

DALIBAEDA 

D. repens, L- Cool moist woods ; frequent. 

FRAG ARIA. Strawberry 

F. Americana, Britton. Woods ; common. 

F. VESCA, L. Door-yard, Middlebury, Brainerd. 

F, Vifginiana, Mill. Fields ; common. 

GEUM. AvENS 

G. Canadense, .Tacq. (G. album, Gmelin.) Borders of woods ; common. 

G. macrophyllum, Willd. Moist open mountain woods ; common above 
1500 feet altitude. 

G. fivale, L. Purple Avens. Wet meadows and bogs ; common. 

G. strictum, Ait. Moist meadows ; common. 

C. Virginianum, L. Middlebury, Brainerd ; Burlington, Mrs. Flynn. 

POTENTILLA. CixauEFoiL 

P. Anserina, L. Common on beaches of Lake Champlain. Royalton, Ward ; 
Rutland, Sumner's Falls, Eggleston. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 51 

P. argentea, L. Silverweed. Dry barren fields ; common. 

P. arguta, Pursh. Rocky hills ; occasional. 

P. fruticosa, L. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Swamps and moist cliffs. Smuggler's 
Notch; Lake Willoughby. Troublesome as a pasture weed in south- 
western Vermont. 

P. Monspeliensis, L. (P. Norvegica, L. ) Dry soil ; frequent. 

P. palustris. Scop. (Comarum palustre, L. ) Marsh Cinquefoil. Cool bogs ; 
frequent. 

P, RECTA, L. Brattleboro, Bates ; Rutland, Eggleston. 

P. simplex, Michx.^ (P. Canadensis of American authors in part. ) Dry 
soil ; common. 

P. tridentata. Ait. Summits of cliffs and mountains ; occasional, e. g. Mt. 
Mansfield, Camel's Hump, Snake Mountain, Pownal. 

POTERRTM. (SANGUISORP.A.) BrnxET 

P. Canadense, Bentli. and Hook. Brattleboro, Frost; abundant on the 
banks of the AVest River, Grout. 

P. Sanguisorba, L. Roadside, Charlotte Center, I'ringle. 

PRUNUS. Plum. Cherry 

P. Americana, Marshall, var. nigra, Waugh. (P. nigra, Ait.) Canada Pliiui. 
Woods and fencerows ; frequent. 

P. AVIUM, L. Mazzard Cherry. Manchester, 3Iiss Day. 

P. cuneata, Raf. Sand banks of lake shore, Burlington, Pringle. Frequent 
on the sand plains. South Burlington, Howe. 

P. Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Roadside thickets ; common. 

P. pumila, L. Sand Cherry. Rocky or sandy shores of the Connecticut 
and Champlain valleys ; occasional. 

P. serotina, Ehrh. Black Cherry. Woodlands ; common. 

P. Virginiana, L. Choke Cherry. Fencerows, woods and banks ; common. 

PYRUS 

P. Americana, DC. (Sorbus Americana, Marsh.) American Mountain Ash. 
Swamps and mountain woods ; frequent. 

I Just as this is going to press a letter is received from M. L. Fernald, stating that 
^'Potenlilla simplex, Michx. is the coruinon sprawling species of New England, while 
P. Canadensis is a low, hardly repent, canescent species which hardly reaches southern 
Maine and New Hampshire." It was not possible to re-examine Vermont specimens other 
than those in the herbarium of the University of Vermont. All of those proved to be 
P. simplex as above defined, and the name P. Canadensis is therefore omitted from the 
list. 


52 FLORA OF VERMONT 

P. Aucui'ARiA, Gaert. European Mountain Ash. Peachain, Blanchard ; 
frequent about Burlington, Jones. 

P. arbutifolia, L. f. var. melanocarpa. Hook. (Aronia nigra, Britton.) Choke- 
berry. Swamps and damp thickets ; common. 

P. Malus, L. (Mahis Malus, Britton. ) Apple. Pencerows and roadsides ; 
frequent. 

P. sambucifolia, Cham, and Sclilecht. (Sorbus sambucifolia, Roem.) Elder- 
leaf Mountain Ash. Mt. ^Mansfield, "Willoughby Mountain, Pringle, 

ROSA. Rose 

R. acicularis, Lindi. Snake Mountain and Burlington, Brainerd ; Man- 
chester, Miss Daij. 

R. blanda, Ait. Roadsides and ledges ; frequent. 
R. Carolina, L. Borders of swamps and streams ; common. 
R. ciNNAMOMEA, L. Ciunamon Rose. Roadsides and about old gardens ; 
frequent. 

R. humilis, ^larsh. Dry rocky slopes ; common. 

R. lucida, Ehrh. (R. humilis. Marsh, var. lucida, Britton.) North Powna^ 

Eygleslon. 

R, f-iMPiNELLiFOLiA, L. Naturalized in pasture, Johnson, Grout. 
R, RUBiGixosA, L. Sweet-brier. Old pastures ; frequent. 

RUBUS. Blackberry. Raspberry 

R, argutus, Link. (R. villosus, var. frondosus, Torr.) Thickets and way- 
sides ; frequent. 

R. argutus, Link. var. Randii, Bailej'. Dry thickets; occasional. 

R. Canadensis, L. (R. Millspaughii, Britton.) Thornless Blackberry. 

Moist thickets in mountains ; common. 

R. hispidus, L. liunning Swamp Blackberry. Moist woods ; frequent. 

R, Idaeus, L. var. ^nomalus, Arrhenius. (Rliodora2: 195, 1900.) Crevices of 
limestone ledges. Cavendish, EggJeston. Heretofore known only as a 
very rare plant of northern Europe. 

R. Idaeus, L. var. strigosus, Maxim. Red Raspberry. Thickets and hills ; 
common. 

R. neglectus. Peck. (R. strigosus x occidentalis, C. F. Austin.) Purple 
Raspberry. Richmond, Pringle; Burlington, Jones. 

R. nigrobaccus, Bailey. (R. villosus, authors not of Ait.) Thickets and way- 
sides ; common. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 53 

R. nigrobaccus, Bailey, var. albinus, Bailey. White Blackberry. Pittsfield, 
Eggleston ; occasional. 

R. occidentalis, L. Black Raspberry. Rich shaded hillsides ; common. 

R. odoratus, L. Purple-flowering Raspberry. Moist shaded hillsides ; com- 
mon. 

R. sativus, Brainerd. (R. nigrobacciis, Bailey, var. sativus, Bailey- ) In dry 
alluvial soil ; Weybridge, Bramerd ; West Rutland, EgglcKlon. 

R. setosus, Bigelow. Moist soil, especially in the mountains ; frequent. 

R. tfiflorus, Richardson. (R. Americanus, Britton.) Dwarf Raspberry. 
Moist cool soil ; common. 

R. villosus, Ait. (R. Canadensis, of Gray Manual, not of L. ) Dewberry. 
Banks and shores ; common. 

R. nigrobaccus x villosus, Bailey. Weybridge, Brainerd; Fair Haven, 

Eggleston . 

SPIR.EA 
S, lobata, Jacq. (Ulmaria rubra, Hill.) Roadside escape. Peacham, /?/anc/;- 
ard ; Randolph, Bales; Lower Cabot, Eggleston. 

S. salicifolia, L. var. latifolia, Wiegand. (See Rhodora 2 : 103. 1900.) Meadow 
Sweet. Wet meadows and cliffs ; common. 

S. soRBiFOLiA, L. A garden escape, well established in several stations, 
e. g. Brattleboro, Burlington. 

S. tomentosa, L. Steeple Bush. Hardback. Rocky pastures ; common. 

S. Ulm.\ria, L. (Ulmaria Ulmaria, Borkh.) English Meadow Sweet. Ran- 
dolph, Bates; Mendon, Eggleston. 

W\\LDSTEINIA 
W. fragarioides, Tratt. Barren Strawberry. Wooded hillsides ; common. 

LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY 

AMPHICARPA 
A. monoica, Nutt. (Falcata comosa, Kuntze) Thickets; common. 

APIOS 

A. tuberosa, Moench. (A. Apios, MacM. ) Ground-nut. Low moist ground ; 
frequent. 

ASTRAGALUS 
A, alpinus, L. Rocky shores of Connecticut River ; occasional. 


54 FLORA OF VERMONT 

A. Blakei, Eggleston. (Bot. Gaz. 20:271. 1895.) Alpine Cliffs. Wil- 
loughby Mountain, ./. Blake ; Smuggler's Notch and Underhill Notch, 
Mt. Mansfield, type stations. 

A. Canadensis, L. Shores and islands of Lake Champlain ; frequent. 

A. Robbinsii, (iray. On limestone rocks, near High Bridge, Winooski 
River, Burlington, liohhius. This, the only station in Vermont, was 
destroyed in ISiU by the set back of the dam of the Vermont Electrical 
Power company. 

A. Robbinsii, Gray. var. Jesupi,' Eggleston and Sheldon. Rocky shores of 

the Connecticut River. 

BAPTISIA 

B. AusiRAUs, R. Br. Royalton, Ward. (Rhodora, 2 : 172. 1900.) 

B. tinctoria, R. Br. Wild Indigo. Dry open tields ; Vernon, Grout ; Pownal, 

Vlnirchill. 

CASSIA. Senna 

C. Marilandica, L. Wild Senna. Alluvial soil ; "Orwell," Dr. Hill; "Bel- 

lows Falls," Carey ; Randolph, Bates ; Hartford, Jesup. 

C. nictitans, L. Wild Sensitive plant. Vernon, Grout. 

CORONILLA 
C. VARiA, L. Randolph, Bates. Escaped from garden. 

CROTALARIA 

C. sagittalis, L. Rattlebox. Railroad banks ; Vernon, Grout. 

DESMODIUM. (MEIBOMIA.) Tick Trefoil 

D. acuminatum, DC. (M. grandiflora, Kuntze. ) Rich woods ; common. 

D. Canadense, DC Dry rich woods ; common. 

D. cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. (M. bracteosa, Kuntze.) Dry open woods. 
North Pownal, Eggleston. 

D. Dillenii, Darlingt. Open woodlands ; frequent. 

D, nudiflorum, DC. Dry woods ; common. 

D, paniculatum, DC. Copses ; occasional. 


I This plaul in the impressed state has the flattened entire pod of Robbinsii. Both this 
and A. Blake i are d\&c\\\\. to determine from pressed specimens since most of the sul- 
cate appearance of the latter presses out. — ff. }V. Egglfslon. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 55 

HEDYSARITM 

H. boreale, Nutt. "Willoughby Mountain," .4. Wood; Smuggler's Notch, 
Pringle. 

LATHYRUS 

L. maritimus, Bigelovv. Beach Pea. Shores of Lake Cliamplain ; occa- 
sional. 

L. ochroleucus. Hook. Headlands of northern Lake Champlain ; occasional. 

L. palustris, L. Shores of Lake Champlain ; frequent. 

L. palustris, L. var. myrtifolius, (iray. "Vermont," Torrey and Gray. "Island 
in B'errisburgh," Morong, in Walter I )eane herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. 

LESPEDEZA. Busii Clover 

L. capitata, Michx. Sandy soil ; frequent. 

L. frutesccns, Britton. (L. Stuvei, Nutt. var. intermedia, Wats.) Dry open 
places ; occasional. 

L. polystachya, Michx. Dry open woods ; occasional. 

L, violacea, Pers. Dry woods. "Rockingham," Cam/; Gardiner's Island, 
jHringle. 

LUPINUS 

L. perennis, L. Wild Lupine. Common in sand plains along Lake Cham- 
plain. 

MEDICAGO. Medick 

M. Arabica, All. (M. maculata, Sibth.) Experiment Station, Burlington, 
Jones. 

M. DENTicuLATA, Willd. Ludlow, Miss Pollard ; Hartland, B. P. Ruggles; 
Burlington, Jones. 

M. LUPULiNA, L. Black Medick. Roadsides and fields ; common. 

M. sATivA, L. Alfalfa. Often cultivated and persistent or escaped. 

MELILOTUS. Sweet Clover 

M. ALBA, Lam. White Melilot. Waste or cultivated grounds ; frequent. 

M, OFFICINALIS, Willd. Yellow Melilot. Roadsides or waste places ; occa- 
sional. 

ROBINIA. Locust 

R. Pseudacacia, L. Locust. Frequent in cultivation and escaped. 

R. viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust. Occasional in cultivation and tending 
to spread. 


56 FLORA OF VERMONT 

TRIFOLIUM. Clover. 
T. AGRARiUM, L. Yellow or Hop Clover. Sandy soil ; frequent. 
T. ARVENSE, L. Rabbitfoot Clover. Old fields ; frequent. 
T. HYBRiDUM, L. Alsike Clover. Common. 
T, PRATENSE, L. Red Clover.' Common- 
T. repens, L. White Clover. Common. 

VICIA. Vetch 

V. G*acca, L. Blue Vetch. Meadows and roadsides ; frequent. 

V. SATivA, L. Common Vetch. Adventive ; occasional. White flowered 
form, Starr Farm, Burlington, J/rs. Flynn. 

V. SATIVA, L. var. angustifolia, Seringe. (V. angustifolia. Roth.) Middle- 
bury, Brainerd. 

V. tetrasperma, L. Meadows and pastures ; occasional. 

GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM FAMILY 

ERODIUM 

E. cicuTARiUM, L'Her. Stork's bill. Old gardens. Ludlow, 3fiss PoHurd ; 

Burlington, Mrs. A. J. Grout. 

FLCERKEA 

F. proserpinacoides, Willd. Castleton, Rohbins ; Shelburne, Pringle. 

GERANIUM 

G. Bicknellii, Britton. (G. Carolinianum, L. var. longipes, Wats.) Dry 

rocky places ; frequent. 
G. maculatum, L. Cranesbill. Open woods ; frequent, 
G. Robertianum, L. Herb Robert. Rocky woods and ravines ; common. 

IMPATIENS. Jewel-weed. Touch-me-not 

I. aurea, Muhl. (I. pallida, Nutt.) Moist shady places, especially on 
mountain sides. 

I. biflora, Walt. (I. fulva, Nutt.) Moist shady places ; common. 

OXALIS. Wood Sorrel 

O. Acetoszlla, L. Wood Sorrel. Cool moist woods ; common on mountain 
sides. 


I Mammoth Red Clover, T. medt'iim, L.. is occasionally cultivated aud is quite as hardy 
as is the common Red Clover. It has not been observed, however, except in cultivation. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 57 

O. cymosa. Small. (O. corniculata, L. var. stricta, of Gray Manual.) Lady's 
Sorrel. Fields and gardens ; common. 

O. stricta, L. Lady's Sorrel. (O. corniculata, L. var. Dillenii, Trelease.) 
Burlington, T. E. Hazen. 

LINACEAE. FLAX FAMILY 

LINUM 
L, rsiTATissiMUM, L. Flax. Occasionally adventive. 

RUTACEAE. RUE FAMILY 

RUTA 
R, GRAVEOLENS, L. Rue. Well established at Weybridge, Bruinerd. 

XANTHOXYLUM 

X, Americanum, Mill. Prickly Ash. Rocky woods and banks; occasional. 

POLYGALACEAE. MILKWORT FAMILY 

I'OLYGALA 

P. paucifolia, Willd. Fringed Polygala. Common, especially in light soil. 

P. polygama, Walt. Dry sandy soil ; occasional. 

P. sanguinca, L. (P. viridescens, L. ) Moist sandy soil. "Windsor, Le- 
land ; Newfane, Grout; Burlington, Mrs. Flijnn ; Milton, Jones. 

P. Senega, L. Seneca Snake-rooc. Rocky soil; western Vermont; occasional. 
P. verticillata, L. Sandy soil. " Bellows Falls," Tuckerman; Brattleboro, 
Grout; Vernon, B. L. Robinson; Pownal, Eggleston. 

P. verticillata, L. var. ambigua, Wats, and Coult. (P. ambigua, Nutt.) 
Pownal, Rohhins ; Vernon, B. L. Robinson; Brattleboro, Grout; Bur- 
lington, Howe. 

EUPHORBIACEAE. SPURGE FAMILY 

ACALYPHA 
A. Virginica, L. Moist hollows in fields ; frequent. 

EUPHORBIA. Spurge 
E. coroUata, Sandy field. Burlington, J/rs. Fbjnn; recently introduced from 

the west. 
E. Cyparissias, L. Cypress Spurge. Old cemeteries and roadsides ; com- 


58 FLORA OF VERMONT 

E. Helioscopia, L. Waste places and gravelly shores ; frequent in the 
Champlain valley. 

E. hirsuta, Wiegand. (See appendix in Britton and Brown Flora.) Man- 
chester, ^fiss Daij ; North Pownal, Eggleston. 

E. maculata, L, Common in waste places. 

E, Preslii, Gnss. (E. nutans, Lag.) Waste places ; occasional. 

E. Peplus, L. Charlotte, Pringle ; Wallingford, Brainerd. 

E. PLATYPHYLLA, L. Shores and waste places ; occasional. 

EMPETRACEAE 

EMPETRUM. Crowberrv 
E. nigrum, L. Summits of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, Rohhins. 

ANACARDIACEAE 

RHUS. SiMAcii 

R. Canadensis, Marsh. (R. aromatica. Ait.) Dry rocky banks of western 

Vermont ; occasional. 
R. copallinat L. Rocky hills ; frequent, 

R. glabra, L. Rocky soil ; common in the Connecticut and Hoosic valleys. 
South Charlotte, Ilorsford ; Colchester, Mrs. Flynn. 

R. Toxicodendron, L. (R. radicans, L. ) Poison Ivy. Banks and moist 
thickets ; common. 

R. typhina, L. (R. hirta, Siidw.) Staghorn Sumach. Hillsides; common. 

R. Vernix, L. (R. venenata, DC.) Poison Sumach. Occasional in swamps. 

ILIGINEAE. HOLLY FAMILY 

ILEX. Holly 

L verticillata. Gray. Winterberrv. Tliickets ; common. 

L verticillata. Gray. var. tenoifolia, Wats. (Rhodera2 : 105, 1900.) Mouth of 
Winooski River, Eggledon. 

XEMOPAXTHUS 

N. fascicularis, Raf. (Ilicioides nuicronata, Britton.) Mountain Holly. Cold 
wet woods ; frequent. 

y 


FLORA OF VERMONT 59 

CELASTRACEAE 

CELASTRUS 
C. scandens, L. Bittersweet. Moist banks and thickets ; common. 

SAPINDACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY 

ACER. Maple 

A. Negundo, Linn. (Negundo aceroides, Moench.) Boxelder. Frequent 
along the banks of the Winooski River. 

A. Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple. Rich woods ; common. 

A. rubrum, L. Red INIaple. ]\Ioist woods and swamps ; common. 

A. saccharinum, L. (A. dasycarpum, Ehrh.) Silver Maple. Banks of 
rivers and lakes at low altitudes ; frequent. 

A. Saccharom, Marsh. (A. saccharinum, Wang. ) Sugar Maple. Rich woods; 
common. 

A. Saccharum, Marsh, var. nigrum, Britton. Black Sugar Maple. Moist soil, 
Lake Champlain valley ; occasional. " Windsor," Michmix. 

A. spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple. Cool ravines and mountain wood- 
lands ; common, 

STAPHYLEA 

S. trifolia, L. Bladder-nut. Moist woods and thickets ; occasional. 

RHAMNACEAE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY 

CEANOTHUS 
C. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Dry woodlands ; common. 
C. ovatus, Desf. Sandy banks of Lake Champlain, Burlington. 

RHAMNUS. BucKTHORx 

R. alnif olia, L' Her. Swamps; frequent. 

R. CATHARTicA, L. Bucktliom. Common in cultivation and a frequent 
escape in woods and fields. 

VITACEAE. VINE FAMILY 

AMPELOPSIS. Woodbine 

A. quinquefolia, Michx. Moist thickets ; common. 

A. quinquefolia, Michx. var. radicantissima, Rehder. Clinging closely to 
limestone ledges- Cornwall, Brainerd ; Burlington, Jones. 


60 FLORA OF VERMONT 

VITIS. Grape 

V. bicolor, LeConte. (V. aestivalis, of Gray Manual in part.) Summer 
(irape. Dry gravelly soil and at bases of cliffs ; frequent. 

V. Labrusca, L- Fox Grape. Vernon, Grout. 

V. vulpina, L. (V. riparia, of Gray Manual in part.) River Grape. 
Kiver banks; common. 

TILIACEAE. LINDEN FAMILY 

TILIA. Linden 
T. Americana, L. Basswood. Woodlands ; common. 

MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY 

ABUTILON 

A, AvicENN.F., Gaertn. (A. Abutilon, Rusby.) Velvet Leaf. Roadsides and 
waste places ; occasional. 

HIBISCUS 

H. Tkionum, L. Bladder Ketmia. Occasional as a garden weed. Middle- 
bnry, Brainerd ; Peachara, Blanchard ; Panton, Jones. 

MALVA. Mallow 
M. Alcea, L. Lyndon, Cong don ; Rutland, Eggleslon. 
M. MoscHATA, L. Musk Mallow. Roadsides and waste places ; an occa- 
sional escape. 
M. ROTUNDiFOLiA, L. Waste places ; everywhere common. 
M. SYLVESTRis, L. Occurs sparingly in several places. 

M. VERTiciLLATA, L. A garden weed, increasingly troublesome. Middle- 
bury, Brainerd ; Burlington, Jones. 

M. VERTICILLATA. L. var. cRisi'A, L. Knight's Island, Brainerd. 

HYPERICACEAE. ST. JOHNSWORT FAMILY 

HYPERICUM. St. Johnswort 
A. Ascyron, L. River banks ; occasional. 
H. boreale, Bicknell. Manchester, .1//.s.s Day. 
H. Canadense, L. ]\Ioist soil ; frequent. 
H. Canadense, L. var. majus, Gray. Moist soil ; occasional. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 61 

H. ellipticum, Hook. Wet places ; frequent. 

H. maculatum, Walt. Damp places ; frequent. 

H. mutilum, L. Low ground ; common 

H. nudicaule, Walt. (Sarothra gentianoidey, L. ) Brattleboro, Frost, Grout. 

H. PEKFORATUM, L. Commou St. Johuswort. Fields and roadsides; common. 

H. Vifginicum, L. (Elodes campanulata, rursli., Triadenum Virginicum 
Raf. ) Swamps ; frequent. 

CISTACEAE. ROCK ROSE FAMILY 

HELIANTHEMUM. Rock Rose 

H. Canadense, Michx. Windham County, B. L. Robinson ; Fairlee Cliffs, 
Sargent and Egglexton ; Bald ^loiintain, Shrewsbury, Eggleston. 

H. majus, B. S. P. Sterile soil ; frequent. 

HTDSONIA 

H. tomentosa, Nutt. Sand}' beaches. Lake Champlain, Burlington Bay, 
Colchester Point, Bigeloir .• Apple Tree Bay, Mrs. FiyriJi. 

LECHEA. PiNWEEi) 
L. intermedia, Leggett. Dry sterile soil ; occasional. 
L. major, jNIichx. (L. villosa, Ell.) Vernon, B. L. Rotnnson. 

VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY 

VIOLA. Violet 

V. arenaria, DC. (V. canina, L. var. puberiila, Watson.) Sand Violet. 
Rocky or sandy soil ; occasional. Abundant on sand plains about Bur- 
lington. 

V. blanda, Willd. White Violet. Low wet ground ; common. 

V. blanda, Willd. var. palustriformis, Gray. (V. blanda, Willd, var. amoena, 
B. S. P.) Cool rich woods ; occasional. 

V. blanda, Willd. var. renifolia, <iray. (V. renifolia, Gray.) Wet mossy 
woods and swamps ; frequent. 

V. Canadensis, L. Canada Violet. Woods ; common. 

V. canina, L. var. Muhlenbergii, Troutv. (V. Labradorica, Schrank.) Dog 
Violet. Low shady ground ; common. 

V. lanceolata, L. Moist places. Mud Pond, Rutland, Egqleston ; "Willis- 
ton," Bates ; Lily Pond, Vernon, Grnvl. 


62 FLORA. OF VERMONT 

V. ovata, Nntt. (V. sagittata, of Gray Manual in part.) Dry sandy soil ; 

frequent. 
V. palmata, L. Blue Violet. Rich open woods. Pownal, Bobbins, Eggleston. 

V. palmata, L. var. cucuUata, Gray. (V. obliqua. Hill.) Moist or dry 
ground ; common. A polymorphous group which recent authors are 
dividing into many species. 

V. pubescens. Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. (Including var. eriocarpa 'Nntt.) 
Rich woods ; common. 

V. pubescens. Ait. var. scabriuscula, Torr. and Gray. (V. scabriuscula, 
Schwein. ) In moister situations ; frequent. 

V. fostrata, Pursh. Long-spurred Violet. Rich woods ; common. 

V. rotundifolia, Michx. Round-leaved Violet. Cool moist woods ; frequent. 

V. Selkirkii, Pursh. Rich moist woods, especially in the mountains ; oc- 
casional. 

V. TRICOLOR, L. Pansy. Persistent in old gardens. 

THYMELAEACEAE 

DAPHNE 

D. Mezereum, L. Garden escape, in rocky woods. Burlington, Jones. 

DIRCA 
D. palustris, L. Leatherwood. ]VIoist open woods ; frequent. 

AEAGNACEAE 

SHEPHERDIA 

S. Canadjnsis, Nutt. Red sandstone cliffs, western Vermont ; occasional. 

LTHYRACEAE. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 

DECODON 
D. verticillatus, Ell. Swampy ground ; occasional in western Vermont. 

LYTHRUM. Loosestrife 

L. alatum, Pursh. Charlotte, Pringle. 

L. Salicaria, L. Wet meadows. ^\iVi2in6., Bigelow Si.n^ Eggleston ; Sharon, 
Jesup and Sargent ; Clarendon, Grout; Wallingford, Mrs. Flynn. 


FLORA Ol-' VERMONT 63 

MELASTOMACEAE 

RHEXIA. Deer-grass 
R. Virginica, L. "Brattleboro," FroM. ; Lily Pond, Vernon, Grout. 

ONAGRACEAE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY 

CIRC^EA. Enchanter's Nightshade 

C. alpina, L. Deep woods ; common. 

C. intermedia, Eh rh. Manchester, Mus hay; Dorset, Eggleston. 

C Lutetiana, L. Woods ; frequent. 

EPILOBIUM. Willow Herb 

E. adenocaulon, Haussk. Moist places, especially among the mountains ; 
frequent. 

E. angustifolium, L. (Chamaenerion angustifolium, Scop. ) Fireweed. Com- 
mon, especially in newly cleared lands. 

E. coloratom, Muhl. Wet places ; common. 

E. lineare, INlubl. Bogs ; common. 

E. lineare, Muhl. var. oliganthum, Trelease. Bogs, deep in mountain woods, 
Stratton, Grout; North Pond, Sunderland, Eggleston. 

E. strictum, Muhl. Cold bogs; occasional. "Narrow-leaved form, south 
end of Lake Willoughby," E. Fcuon. 

LUDWIGIA 

L. palustris. Ell. (Nardia palustris, L. ) Ditches and swamps ; common. 

CENOTHERA. Evening Primrose 

OE. biennis, L. (Onagra biennis. Scop.) Dry soil ; common. 

OE. cruciata, Nutt. ((IE. biennis, L. var. cruciata, Torr. & Gray.) Brattle- 
boro and Vernon, Grout. 

OE. pumila, L. (Kneiffia puiuila, Spach.) Fields; common. 

HALORAGEAE 

CALLITRICPIE 
C. autumnalis, L. (C. bifida, Morong. ) Kelly's Bay, Alburgh, Pringle. 
C. palustris, L. (C. verna, L. ) Cold or running water ; frequent. 


61 FLORA OF VERMONT 

HIPPURIS. Mare's Tail 

H, vulgaris, L. Rare ; in cold springy margin of Joe's Pond, West Danville, 
Blandiard. 

MYRIOPHYLLUM. Water Milfoil 
M. alterniflorum, DC. "Gat," Lake Cliamplain, Pringle and Brainerd. 
M. ambiguum, Nutt. (M. humile, Morong. ) West River, WestTownshend, 
Grout. 

M. Farwellii, Morong. Mountain ponds. Belden's Pond, Johnson ; Towns- 
hend, Grout ; Spectacle Pond, Wallingford ; North Pond, Brunswick ; 
Little Averill Pond, Eggleston. 

M, spicatum, L. In deep water ; common. 

M, tenellum, Bigelow. Borders of ponds. Grand Isle, Prin^/e ; Joe's Pond, 
West Danville, Blanchard ; Fairlee Lake, Jexup and Sargent. 

PROSERPINACA 
P, palustfis, L. Swamps ; occasional. 

ARALIACEAE. GINSENG FAMILY 

ARALIA. Wild Sarsaparilla 

A. hispida, Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Rocky or sandy woodlands ; fre- 
quent. 

A. nudicaulis, L. Sarsaparilla. Moist woodlands ; common. 

A. quinquefolia, Decsne. & Planch. (-Panax quinquefolium, L. ) Ginseng. 
Rich woods ; formerly common, now rapidly disappearing. 

A. racemosa, L. Spikenard. Rich woodlands ; frequent. 

A. trifolia, Decsne. & Planch. (Panax trifolium, L. ) Ground-nut. Moist 
woods and thickets ; common. 

UMBELLIFERAE. PARSLEY FAMILY 

ANGELICA 
A, atropurpurea, L. Swamps and moist grounds ; frequent. 

CARFM 
C. Carui, L. Caraway. About dwellings and roadsides ; frequent. 

CICUTA 
C. bulbifera, L. Water Hemlock. Swamps ; common. 
C. maculata, L. Spotted Cowbane. Low grounds ; frequent. 


FLORA OF VERMONT Go 

CONIOSELINUM 

C Canadense, Torr. and Gray. (C. Cliinense, B. S. P.) Swamps and cold 
cliffs ; occasional. 

CONir.M 

C. MACUL.vruii, L. Poison Hemlock. Waste places ; occasional. 

CRYPTOT.ENIA 

C. Canadensis, DC. (Deringa Canadensis, Kuntze.) Moist woods; common. 

DATTUS. Carrot 

D. Carota, L. Wild Carrot. Old meadows; common. 

HERACLEI\\I 
H. lanatom, Michx, Cow Parsnip. Cold moist ground ; frequent. 

HYDROCOTYLE 
H. Americana, L. Wet places ; common. 

LEVISTICUM 
L. officinale, Koch. Lovage. Occasionally adventive. 

OSMORRHIZA (WASHINGTON! A) Sweet Cicely 
O. brevistylis, DC. (W. Claytoni, Britton) Rich woods ; common. 
O. longistylis, DC. Moist rich woods ; occasional. 

PASTINACA 
P. SATivA, L. Wild Parsnip. Roadsides and waste places ; common. 

PIMPINELLA 
P. integerrima, A. Gray. Rocky shores of Lake Champlain ; occasional. 

SANICULA,' Black Snakeroot 
S. Canadensis, L. Shaded ledges ; frequent. 
S. gregaria, Bicknell. Moist rich soil ; frequent. 
S. Marylandica, L. Moist woods ; common. 
S. trifoUata, Bicknell. Rich woods ; frequent. 

I See E. Brainerd. The Satiiculas of Western Vermout. Khedora. 1 : 7. 1S99. 


06 FLORA OF VERMONT 

SIUM 

S. cicutaefolium, Gnielin. Water Parsnip. Wet places ; frequent. 

ZIZIA 
Z. aurea, Koch. Moist meadows ; common. 

CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY 

CORNUS. Cornel. Dogwood 

C. alternifolia, L. f. Open woods ; common. 

C. Canadensis, L. Buncli-berry. Cold damp woods ; common. 

C. circinata, L'Her. Round-leaved Cornel. Rocky woodlands ; frequent. 

C. florida, L. Flowering Dogwood. Dry woods. " Castleton," i?o&6ins; 
Springfield, S. Hayirard ; Xewfane and Dorset, aS". Grout; Korth Pow- 
nal, Eggleston. 

C. paniculata, L'Her. (C. candidissima, Marsh.) Rich thickets and banks; 
frequent. 

C. sericea, L. (C. Amonum, ]\[ill.) Kinnikinnik. Silky Cornel. Low woods 
and banks ; common. 

C. stolonifera, Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Wet places ; common. 

NYSSA 

N. sylvatica, Marsh. Sour Gum. Tupelo. Rich soil, generally swampy. 
" Craftsbury," i2o6/>ms ; East Dorset, S. Groul ; Vernon, Grout; Bur- 
lington, Mr-t. Fl.iivv : Yergennes, Misf< Ihith. Fisher. 

ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY 

ANDROMEDA 

A. ligustrina, Muhl. (Xolisina ligustrina, liritton.) Occasional in southern 
Yermont. 

A. polifolia, L. Boggy margins of ponds ; frequent. 

ARCTOSTAPH YLOS. Bearberry 
A, Uva-ursi, Spreng. Cliffs and bare hills ; occasional. 

CASSANDRA. (CHAM.EDAPHNE) 
'C calyculata. Don. Leather Leaf. Bogs ; frequent. 


FLOEA OF VERMONT 67 

CHIMAPHILA. PiPsissEWA 
C. maculata, Pursh. Prince's Pine. Dry woods. Newfane, (7royi. 
C. umbellata, Nutt. Dry woods ; common. 

CHIOGEXES 

C. scrpyllifolia, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. Peat bogs and mossy woods; 
frequent. 

EPIG.EA 

E, repens, L. Mayflower. Trailing Arbutu.s. Sandy or rocky woodlands ; 
common in certain areas. 

GAULTH[ERIA 
G. procumbens, L. "Wintergreen. Cool woods ; common. 

GAYLUSSACIA 

G. resinosa, Torr. and Gray. Huckleberry. Sterile fields and thickets ; 
common. 

KALMIA. Laurel 

K, angustifolia, L. Sheep Laurel. Sterile fields and peat bogs ; frequent. 

K. glaucat Ait. Pale Laurel. Cold peat bogs ; occasional. 

K. latifolia^ L. Mountain Laurel. Rocky hills. "Rockingham," Carey; 
Pownal, Eggleston. Common along banks of West River between Brat- 
tleboro and Newfane. 

LEDUM 

L. Groenlandicum, Oeder. (L. latifolium, Ait.) Labrador Tea. Cold bogs ; 
frequent. 

MONESES 
M. grandiflora, Salisb. (M. uniflora, A. Gray.) Deep cold woods; occasional. 

MONOTROPA. Indian Pipe 

M» Hypopitys, L. (Hypopitys Hypopitys, Small.) Rich dry woods; occa- 
sional. 

M. uniflora, L. Dark ricli woods ; common. 

PTEROSPORA 
P. Andfomedea, Nutt. Pine woods ; rare. 


t)8 FLORA OF VERMONT 

PYKOLA 

P. chlorantha, Svvartz. Dry woods ; frequent. 
P. elliptica, Nutt. Rich woods ; common. 
P. minor, L. Smuggler's Notch, Pr/n^/Zf. Rare. 
P. rotundifoKa, L. Woodlands ; occasional. 

P. rotundifolia, L. var. uliginosa. Gray. Sphagnum bogs. Bristol, Pringle ; 
Peacham, Blanchard ; Rutland, Ross; Chittenden, Egglesfon ; Burling- 
ton, Mrs. Flynn. 

P. secunda, L. Rich woods ; frequent. 

P. secunda, L. var. pumila. Gray. Peatbogs. Bristol Pond bog, Pringle; 
Sutton and Newark, E. Faxon ; cedar swamp, Fairhaven, Eggleston. 

RHODODENDRON 

R. canescens, G. Don. (R. nudiflora, of Gray ^Manual in part, Azalea cane- 
scens, Michx.) Swamp Pink. Woody banks and borders of swanips ; 
occasional. 

R. maximum, L. Rocky woods bordering Groton Pond, Pfrbins : "Peach- 
am," BlancJiard : Martin's and Niggerhead Ponds, Eggleston; Lanes- 
boro. Miss .V. Skinner. 

R. Rhodora, Don. (Rhodora Canadensis, L. ) " Brattleboro," Robbins ; 
Burlington, Perkins; Derby, Richmond, Horsford ; Johnson, Grout; 
abundant in Essex County, Eggleston. 

VACCINIUM. Biaebe:kry. Cranberry 

V. caespitosum, Michx. Mt. Mansfield Chin, Pringle; rocky shore West 

River, Newfane, Grout. 
V. Canadense, Kalm. Moist thickets ; common in the mountains. The 

market blueberry of Essex County. 

V. corymbosum, L. Swamps and low thickets. The abundant blueberry 
about northern Lake Champlain. The form known as var. amoenum. 
Gray, occurs in swamps, Monkton, Charlotte, Pringle. 

V. corymbosum, var. atrococcum. Gray. (V. atroeoccum, Heller.) Black 
Blueberry. Bristol Pond bog, A. C. Dyke. Also reported from several 
other localities but the determinations have not been verified. 

V. macrocarpon, Ait. Large Cranberry. (Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pers. ) 
Peat bogs ; frequent. 

V. Oxycoccus, L. Small Cranberry. (Oxycoccus Oxycoccus, McM. )Incold 
peat bogs ; frequent. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 69 

V. Pennsylvanicum, Lain. Dry hills ; common. The earliest market blue- 
berry. Plant having black berries without bloom (?V. nigrum, Brit- 
ton) are found ; West Rutland, Egghdoii. 

V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. var. angustifolium, Gray. Summit of Mt. Mans- 
field and Camel's Hump, Rnbbins, PrinyJe. 

V. uliginosum, L. Summit of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, Robhins, 
Pr ingle ; Johnson, Groat. 

V. vacillans, Solander. Drv woodlands ; common ; forming part of the 
later blueberries of the market. 

V. Vitis-Idaea, L. On the summits of Mansfield and Camel's Hump moun- 
tains, Robbins. 

DIAPENSIACEAE 

DIAPENSL\ 
D. Lapponica, L. ]Mt. Mansfield Chin, Prhigle. 

PRIMULACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY 

LYSIMACHIA. Loosestrife 

L. NUMMULARiA, L. Moueywort. Frequent as a troublesome weed in lawns. 

I>. producta, Fernald. (Ehodora, 1:134.1899.) (L. stricta, var. producta, 
Gray. ) Mouth of the Winooski River, Eggleston and Jones. 

L. quadrifolia, L. Dry thickets ; common. 

L. stricta. Ait. (L. terrestris, B. S. P.) Low ground ; common. 

L. thyrsiflora, L. (Naumbergia thyrsiflora, Duby.) Bogs and swamps ; fre- 
quent. 

PRIMULA 

P. Mistassinica, Michx. Willoughby Mountain, ^4. iroor?; Smuggler's Notch, 

Moron;/. 

SAMOLUS 

S. Valerandi, L. var. Americanus, Gray. (S. fioribundus, H. B. K. ) Along 
sluggish brooks ; ^Nliddlebur^', Jrtme.s, C. X. Brainerd; '•' Brattleboro," 
Frost. 

STEIRONEiSIA 

S. ciliatum, Raf. Moist thickets ; common. 

S. lanceolatum, Gray. Low grounds along northern Lake Champlain ; 
occasional. 


70 FLORA OF VERMONT 

TRIENTALIS 
T. Americana, Pursh. Star Flower. Moist woods and thickets; common. 

OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY 

FRAXINUS. Ash 

F. Americana, L. White Ash. Rich woods ; common. 

F. Pennsylvanica, Marsh. (F. pubescens, Lam.) Red Ash. Low grounds ; 
common along Lake Champlain and its tributaries. 

F. nigra, Marsh. (F. sambucifolia, Lam.) Black Ash. Swamps and wet 
w'oods ; common. 

F. lanceolata, Borck. (F. viridis, Michx. f. ) Green Ash. Occasional along 

shores of Lake Champlain. 

GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY 

BARTONIA 

B. tenella, Muhl. (B. Virginica B. S. P.) "Rockingham," Care;/; Higbee 
swamp, Burlington, Jones. 

GENTIAXA. Gentian 

G. Amarella, L., var. acuta, Hook. f. (G. acuta. Michx.) Smuggler's Notch, 

Pringh'. 

G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Closed Gentian. Moist grounds ; frequent. 
G, crinita, Froel. Fringed Gentian. ^loist ground ; frequent in the south- 
ern part of the State. 

G. linearis, Froel. Bogs and meadows in the mountains ; occasional. A 
broad leaved form from Stowe, }frs.Strair, appears to be var. lanceolata, 
(iray. 

G. quinqueflora, Lam. (G. quinquefolia, L. ) Moist hills ; occasional. 

H ALEXIA. (TETRAGONANTHUS) 
H. deflexa, Griseb. Banks of Lewis Creek. Charlotte, Horsford and Pringle. 

LIMXANTHEMUM 

L. lacunosum, < iriseb. Shallow water; Spectacle Pond, East Wallingford, 
Kent; Springfield, Eggleston ; common in Windham county ; Grout. 

MENYAXTHES 
M. trifoliata, L. Buck Bean. Sphagnum bogs ; occasional. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 71 

APOCYNACEAE. DOGBANE FAMILY 

APOCYNUM. D0313ANE 

A. androsaemifolium, L. Thickets and fields ; common. 

A. cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp. Moist banks ; occasional. 

A. cannabinum^ L. var. glaberrimum, DC. Shoresof Lake Charaplain. Sands 
of West River, Eggleston. 

VINCA 

V. Mi.voR, L. Periwinkle. Persisting in neglected dooryards. 

ASCLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED FAMILY 

ASCLEPIAS. :\llLK\VEED 

A, incarnata, L. Marshes ; common. 

A. obtusifoliat Michx. Sandy soil ; fref^nent about Burlington. 

A. phytolaccoides, Piirs^h. (A. exaltata, ]\Iuhl.) Moist copses ; occasional. 

A. quadrifolia, L. Rocky woods ; occasional. 

A. Syriaca, L. (A. Cornuti, Decaisne.) Rich grounds ; common. 

A. tuberosa, L. Butterfly Weed. Dry fields; Pownal." Rohbins ; "Bel- 
lows Falls," Carey; Vernon, Grout: Manchester, .1/i.s.s' Da>/. 

VIXCETOXICUM. (CYNANCHUM) 
V, NIGRUM, Moench. Brattleboro, Frost; Windsor, Leland. 

CONVOLVULACEAE. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY 

COXYOLYULUS. Bindweed 

C. ARVEXsis, L. A garden weed ; Woodstock, F. B. Dana. 

C. Japonicus, Thunb. The double-flowered form, an occasional escape 
from cultivation. 

C. sepium, L. Moist thickets ; common. 

C. sepium, L. var. Americanus, Sims. Common in the gravelly soil along 
shores of Lake Champlain. 

C. spithamaeus, L. Dry sandy plains ; common about Burlington. Nor- 
wich and Rutland, EgglcMov. 

CUSCUTA. Dodder 
C. Epithy.mum, Murr. In clover fields; threatening to become troublesome. 
C. Gronovii, Willd. Moist thickets ; common. 


72 FLORA OF VERMONT 

POLEMONIACEAE. PHLOX FAMILY 

PHLOX 
P. paniculata, L. Escaped from cultivation ; Rutland, Eggleston ; Franklin, 
Wild. 

POLEMONIUM 
P. Van Bruntiae, Britton. (P. cteriileum, of Gray Manual.) Abby Pond, 
Ripton, Brainenl. 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE 

HYDROPHYLLUM 
H. Virginicum, L. Rich woods ; common. 

BORRAGINACEAE 

CYNOGLOSSITM 
C. OFi^'iciNALE, L. Hound' s-tongue. Pastures ; frequent. 
C. Virginicum, L. Wild Comfrey. Rich woods ; occasional. 

ECHINOSPERMUM. (LAPPULA) 
E. Lappula, Lehm. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain ; frequent. 

E. Virginicum, Lehm. (L. Virginiana, Greene.) Beggar's Lice. Borders of 
woods ; frequent. 

ECHIUM. Viper's Bugloss 

E. vuLOARE, L. Blueweed. Pastures and moist soil. Becoming increas- 
ingly troublesome as a weed . 

LITHOSPERMUM. Gromwell 

L. arvense, L. Old fields and roadsides ; occasional. 
L. OFFICINALE, L. Dry pastures ; common. 

, MYOSOTIS 

M. laxa, Lehm. Cold brooks. Peacham, Blanchard ; abundant in White 
River valley, Eggleston. 

M, PALU.sTRi.s, Withering. Forget-me-not. Frequently naturalized along 
cold brooks. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 73 

M. verna, Nutt. (jM. Virginica, B. S. P.) Dry banks and ledges. " Brattle- 
boro," Frod ; Windsor, Leland ; Snake Mountain, Bralnerd ; Fairlee 
Cliffs and West Castleton, Egglesion. 

SYMPHYTUM 
S. oFFciNALE, L. Con:ifrey. Moist places ; adventive. 

VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY 

PHRYMA 
P. Leptostachya, L. Moist open woods ; frequent. 

VERBENA. Vervain 
V. hastata, L. Blue Vervain. Roadsides ; common. 
V. urticaefolia, L. White Vervain. Roadsides ; common. 

LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY 

BLEPHILIA 

B. ciliata, Raf. Dry open places. East Dorset, ^S*. Groat ; ^Manchester, Miss 
Dan. 

B. hirsuta, Benth. Moist shady places ; occasional. 

B. hirsuta, Benth. var. glabrata, Fernald. (Rliodora 1:221. 1899.) Dry soil. 

Manchester, Mias Day. 

CALAMINTHA. 

C. Clinopodium, Benth. (Clinopodiiun vulgare, L. ) Borders of thickets and 

fields ; frequent. 

COLLINSONIA 

C. Canadensis, L. Rich moist woods of southern and central Vermont ; 
occasional. 

GALEOPSIS 

G. Tetrahit, L. Hemp Nettle. Waste places ; common. 

HEDEOMA 
H. pulegioides, Pers. Pennyroyal. Dry fields ; common. 

HYSSOPUS 

H. OFFICINALIS, L. Hyssop. Roadsides. Grand Isle, PringJe ; South Wal- 
lingford, Ross ; Peacham, Blanchard. 


74 FLORA OF VERMONT 

ISANTHUS 
I. caeruleus, Michx. (I. brachiatus, B. S. P.) Dry sterile fields ; rare. 

LAMIUM. Dead Nettle 
L, AMPLEXicAULE, L. Garden weed. Bristol, Pringle ; Eutland, Eggleston. 
L. MACULATUM, L. Garden escape. Bristol, Pringle ; Middlebury, Brainerd. 

LEOXURUS 
L. Cardiaca, L. Motherwort. Waste places ; common. 

LOPHAXTHUS. (AGASTACHE) 

L. nepetoides, Benth. Thickets and along fences. Middlebury, James, Brain- 
erd; Pownal, Bennington, Arlington, Bobbins. 

L. scrophulariaefolius, Benth. Thickets and fencerows ; occasional. 

L. scrophulariaefolius, Benth. var. mollis, Fernald. (Khodora 1:220. 1899.) 
Manchester, Miss Day. 

LYC0PU8 

L. Americanus, .Miilil. (L. sinuatus, Ell.) Moist soil ; common. 
L. Virginicus, L- Shady moist places ; common. 

MARRLTBIUM 
M. VULGARE, L. Horehound. Garden escape. Peacham, Blanchard. 

MENTHA. Mint 

M, Canadensis, L. Wet places ; common. 

M. PiPEKrrA, L. Peppermint. Along brooks ; frequent. 

M. s.vnvA, L. Garden escape. Rochester and Rutland, Eggleston; John- 
son, Grout. 

M, viRiDis, L. Spearmint. Moist places ; common. 

MONARDA 

M. didyma, L. Oswego Tea. Warren, Brainerd; Barnet, Blanchard. 

M. fistulosa, L. Wild Bergamot. Dry open woods ; occasional. 

M. fistulosa, L. var. rubra. Gray. (M. media, Willd.) Garden escape. Stowe, 
Eggleston. 

M. punctata, L. Colchester, Mrs. Fignn. Doubtless introduced with west- 
ern seed. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 75 

NEPETA 

N. Cataria, L. Catnip. Dry pastures ; common. 

N. Gleciioma, Benth. (Glecoma hederacea, L. ) Ground Ivy. Moist shady 
places ; common. 

ORIGANUM 

O. vi'LOARE, L. \yild Marjoram. Moist shady ground ; occasional. 

PHYSOSTEGIA 
P. Virginiana, Benth. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain ; occasional. 

PRUNELLA. (BRUNELLA) 

P. vulgaris, L. Self-heal. Woods and fields ; common. Plants with white 
flowers occur occasionally. 

PYCNANTHEMITM. (KOELLIA) 

P. incanum, Michx. Rocky woods. Cavendish, J/acrae; Barttleboro and 
North Pownal, Eggleston. 

P. lanceolatum, Pursh. (K. Virginiana, INIacM.) Dry woods ; southern and 
w^estern Vermont ; occasional. 

P. linifolium, Pursh. (K. flexuosa, MacM.) Dry fields of western Vermont; 

occasional. 
P. muticum, Pers. Fields ; occasional. 

P. verticillatum, Pers. (P. muticum, Gray in part, not Pers. See Bot.'Gaz. 
28: 132. 1899.) Moist fields ; occasional in western Vermont. 

SATUREIA 

S. HORTENSis, L. Summer Savory. Gravelly bank. Outlet of Dorset Pond, 
Grout. 

SCUTELLARIA. Skullcap 

S. galcriculata, L. Wet shady places ; common. 

S. lateriflora, L. ]Mad-dog Skullcap. Wet shady places ; common. 

S. parvula, ]SIichx. Dry banks and lieadlands of Lake Champlain ; local. 

STACHYS. Hedge Neitle 

S. aspera, Michx. Moist ground ; occasional. 

S. palustris, L. Meadow, East Wallingford, E. C. Kent. Specimen in Mr. 
Kent's lierbarium. 

TEUCRIUM. Germander 

T. Canadense, L. Low grounds ; occasional. Frequent along the shores 
of Lake Champlain. 


76 FLORA OF VERMONT 

THYMUS. Thyme 

T. Serpyllum, L. Peacham, Blanchard ; Rock Point, Burlington, Mrs. 
Flynn ; West Berkshire, Wild. 

TRICHOSTE^NIA 
T. dichotomum, L. Dry sterile fields ; occasional. 

SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 

DATURA. Jamestown- Weed 

D. Stramonium, L. Occasional in waste places. 
D. Tatula, L. Rare and adventive. 

HYOSCYAMUS 

H. NKiEK, L. Henbane. Roadsides. "Panton," Burge ; " Mt. Independ- 
ence," Dr. Hill; Shoreham, Brainerd. 

LEUCOPHYSALIS 

L. grandiflora, Rydberg. (Pliysalis grandiflora, Hook. ) Providence Island, 
Perkin>i ; Stave Island, ,Vr.s-. Flynn. 

NICANDRA. (PHYSALODES) 

N. i-HY'SALOiDES, Gaertn. Thetford and Peacham, Blanchard ; Shoreham, 
Brainerd. 

PHYSALIS. Ground Cherry' 

P. heterophylla, Xees. (P. Virginiana of the Gray Manual.) Manchester, 
3Iis!i Day. 

P. heterophylla, Nees. var. ambigua, Rydberg. Sandy soil and gardens ; 
occasional. 

P. pruinosa, L. ( P. pubescens. Am. authors in part. ) Rutland, Egglesion ; 
Pittsford, G. A. Woolson ; Middlebury, Brainerd. 

P. Virginiana, Mill. Ilighgate, /(!'.s'h;) ; St. Johnsbury, ifrs. M. II. Buckhain. 

SOLANUM. Nightshade 

S. Dulcamar.^, L. Moist thickets ; frequent. 
S. nigrum, L. Moist shaded ground ; frequent. 


KLOKA OF VERMONT 77 

SCROPHULARIACEAE. FIGWORT FAMILY 

CASTILLEIA 

C. pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionaUs, Gray. (Castilleja acuminata, Spreng.) 
Mt. Mansfield, T'lickcnnan and Macrae; Smuggler's Notch, I'rlngle. 

CMELONE 
C. glabra, L. Turtle-head. Moist soil ; common. 

GERARDIA 

G. flava, L. (Dasystoma tlava, Wood.) Povvnal, Andrews. 

G. pcdicularia, L. (Dasystoma pedicularia, Britton. ) "Pownal," Jiohbins ; 
"Bellows Falls," Careij ; Fairlee Cliffs, Sargent; Lake Dunmore, 
Bra'merd. 

G. purpurea, L. var. paupercula. Gray. (G. paupercula, Britton.) Knight's 
and Butler's Islands, Braiuird ; Highgate, Wild. 

G. quercifolia, Pursh. ( Dasystoma Virginica, Britton.) Dry open woods; 
Fairlee Cliffs, Sargent; Castleton, Pownal, RoJthiiis, EgghMon; West 
Rutland, Eggleston ; North Dorset, Mrs. Fhjnn. 

G. tcnuifolia, Vahl. Dry open woods; Pownal, Jiitbhlrnf, Eggleston ; "Brat- 
tleboro," Roh}>hi!< ; "Bellows Falls," Caret/ ; Vernon, firoitt ; Colcliester, 
Mrs. Flynn. 

GRATIOLA 

G. aurea, Muhl. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain ; rare. 

G. Virginiana, L. Wet shores and ditches ; occasional. 

ILYSANTHES 
L attenuata. Small. Wet shores and ditclies ; occa.^ionai. 

LINARLA. To.\D-FLAX 
L. Canadensis, Dum on t. Dry soil ; "Bellows Falls," CV/n// ; Vernon, Grow/. 
L. VULGARIS, INIill. Butter and Eggs. (Linaria Linaria, Karst. ) Fields; 
common. 

MELAMPYRUM 

M. Amcricanum, Michx. (M. lineare. Lam.) Cow-wheat. Dry wood- 
lands ; frequent. 

MIMULUS 

M. MoscHATus, Dougl. :\Iusk-plant. Garden escape ; wet places. Walling- 

ford, Kent; Wardsboro, Howe: Weston, Mrs. Flgrm. 
M. ringens, L. Monkey-flower. Wet places ; common. 


78 FLORA OF VERMONT 

PEDICULAR [S 
P. Canadensis, L. Lousewort. Thickets ; common. 

PENTSTEMON 
P. laevigatus, Solander. Fields, Franklin, Wild. 
P. pubescens, Solander. Rocky hills ; frequent in western Vermont. 

SCROPHULARIA. Figwort 

S. leporella, Bicknell. Meadows and fence rows ; occasional. 

S. nodosa, L. var. Marilandica, Gray. (S. Marilandica, L.) Waste places; 
occasional. 

VERBASCUM 

V. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. Clay or rocky pastures and roadsides ; 

occasional. 
V. TnAPSUS, L. Mullein. Fields ; common. 

VERONICA. Speedwell 
V. Americana, Schweinitz. Wet ground ; common. 

V. Anagallis, L. " Middlebury," Burge ; Tinmouth Creek, Tinmouth, 

Eggleston. 

V. ARVENsi.s, L. Fields ; occasional. 

V. BuxBAUMii, Tenore. (V. Byzantina, B. S. P.) Occasionally adventive. 

V. officinalis, L- Dry fields and thickets ; frequent. 

V. peregrina, L. Gardens and waste places ; occasional. 

V. scutellata, L- Wet ground ; common. 

V. serpyUifolia, L. Roadsides and fields ; common. 

LENTIBULARIACEAE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY 

PINGUICULA 
P. vulgaris, L. Butterwort. Alpine cliffs, Smuggler's Notch, Pringle. 

UTRICULARIA. Bladderwort 
U. cornuta, Michx. Bogs ; frequent. 
U. gibba, L. Rocky pond, Rutland, i^o.s.s. 
U. inflata, Walt. In still water ; occasional. 
U. intermedia, Hayne. Shallow pools ; occasional. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 79 

U. purpurea, Walt. East Barnet, West Danville, Peacham, Blanchnrd. 
U. resuoinata, B. D. Greene. Fairlee Lake, Sargent and Jesup. 
U. vulgaris, L. Ponds and slow streams ; common. 

OROBANCHACEAE. BROOMRAPE FAMILY 

CONOPHOLIS 

C. Americana, Wallroth. Woodson White Creek, C/tamWer ; "Pock Point, 

Burlington," Macrae; West Rutland, //. M. Densloiv; Snake ISIountain, 
Brainerd. 

EPIPHEGUS. Beecii-drops 

E. Virginiana. Bart. (Leptamnium Virginianum, Raf. ) Under beech trees; 
common. 

OROBANCHE 

O. uniflora, L. (Aphyllon uniflorum. Gray ; Thalesia uniflora, Britton.) 
Dry woodlands ; occasional. ^ 

ACANTHACEAE 

DIANTHERA 

D. Americana, L. Collected by Dr. Paddock, in 1819, in water at Ferris- 

burgh ; specimen now in University of Vermont herbarium. No later 
botanist has found it in Vermont. 

PLANT AGINACEAE. PLANTAIN FAMILY 

LITTORELLA 

L. lacustris, L. (L. uniflora, Rusby. ) Gravelly shores. Kellej^'s Bay, Al- 
burgh, Pringle; Spectacle Pond, East Wallingford, Kent; Notch Pond, 
Ferdinand, Eggleston. 

PLANTAGO. Plantain 

P. aristata, Miclix. (P. Patagonica, Jacq. var. aristata. Gray.) Occasionally 
introduced with grass seed. Brookline, Howe; East Wallingford, 
Kent; Colchester, Mrs. Fhjnn. 

P. LANCEOLATA, L. English Plantain. Grass land ; common. 

P. major, L. Waysides ; common. 

P. Rugelii, Decaisne. With the preceding species ; common. 


80 FLORA OF VERMONT 

RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY 

CEPHALANTHUS 

C. occidentalis, L. Button-bush. Swamps ; frequent. 

GALIUM. Bed Sruiw. Cleavers 
G. Aparine, L- Shaded ground ; frequent. 
G. asprellum, Miehx. AUuvial ground ; common. 
G, circaezans, Michx. Rich woods ; common. 
G, Claytoni, Michx. Wet meadows ; frequent. 

G. Kamtschaticum, Steller. Cold wet woods of the higher mountains ; fre- 
quent. 
G. lanceolatom, Torr. Dry woods ; frequent. 

G, MoLLUGO, L. Peacham, Blanchard; " North Pomf ret," Morgan. 
G. palustre, L. Wet meadows and along ditches ; common. 
G. pilosum, Ait. Dry copses. Pownal, Robbins, Eggleston. 
G. .sYLVESTRE, PolHck. Advcntivc. Charlotte, Prlngle. 

G. tinctorium, L. (G. trifidum, L. var. latifolium, Torr.) Wet meadows; 
frequent. 

G. tinctorium, L. var. Labradoricum, Wiegand. Perch Pond bog, Pownal, 

/. R. Clnircldll. 
G. trifidum, L. (G. trifidum, L. var. pusillum, Gray.) Cold bogs and 

marshy borders of ponds ; frequent. 

G. triflorum, Michx. Pich woodlands ; common. 

G. VERUM, L. Yellow Bedstraw. Occasionally introduced in grass lands. 

HOUSTONIA 
H. caerulea, L. Bluets. Grassy places and wet rocks ; common. 
H. purpurea. L. var. longifolia, Gray. (H. longifolia, Gaertn. ) Dry rocky 
places ; frequent in the Champlain valley. Randolph, Bates. 

MITCHELLA 
M, repens, L. Partridge-berry. Cool woods ; common. 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 

DIERVILLA 

D. trifida, Moench. (D. Diervilla, McM ) Rocky woodlands ; common. 

LINN.EA 
L. borealis, L. Twin-flower. Cool, rich woods ; frequent. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 81 

LONICERA. Honeysuckle 

L. caerulea, L. Cold bogs of northeastern Vermont ; occasional. 

L, ciliata, Muhl. Fly Honeysuckle. IMoist woods ; common. 

L. dioica, L. (L. glauca, Hill.) Dry rocky woods ; frequent. 

L. hirsuta, Eaton. Rocky woodlands of western Verniont ; occasional. 

L. oblongifolia, Muhl. Cold bogs ; "Brattleboro," i^cos^ ; Bristol, Monkton, 
New Haven, Starksboro, Pr'nujle ; Sutton, E. Faxon. 

L. Tatarica, L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Common in cultivation ; a fre- 
quent escape in thickets about Burlington. 

SAMBUCrs. Elder 

S. Canadensis, L. Elderberry. Thickets; common. 

S. racemosa, L. Red Elder, (S. pubens, Michx.) Rocky woodlands ; com- 
mon. 

SYMPHORICARPOS 

S. racemosus, Michx. Snowberry. Common in cultivation ; occasionally 
spreading from old gardens. 

S. racemosus, Michx. var. pauciflorus. Robbing. (S. paucifiorus, Britton, ) 
Cliffs and headlands of western Vermont ; occasional. 

TRIOSTEUISI 
T. perfoliatum, L. Rich woodlands ; occasional. 

VIBURNUM. Arrow-wood 

V. acerifolium, L. Maple-leaf Viburnum. Dry rocky woods ; common. 

V. alnifolia, Marsh . (V. lantanoides, Michx.) Hobblebush. Cold moist 
woods ; common. 

V. cassinoides, L. Swamps ; common. 

V. dentatum, L- Ari-ow-wood. Wet places ; frequent. 

V. Lentago, L. Sheepberry. Rich moist woods and banks ; frequent. 

V. Opulus, L. Cranberry-tree. Low ground ; frequent. 

V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. Moist ravines near limit of tree growth ; Mt. Mans- 

tield, Tackerman and Macrae; Killington, San/eiif and Eggleston. 
V. pubescens, Pursh. Common on the cliffs and rocky hills of the Cham- 
plain valley. 


82 FLORA OF VERMONT 

VALERIANACEAE 

VALERIANA. Valerian 
V. OFFICINALIS, L. Garden escape. Franklin, L. Wild; Burlington, ilfr\s. 

Flynn. 
V. sylvatica. Banks. Cedar swamp, Fairhaven, Robhins, Seely ; Craftsbury, 

Robbing. 

DIPSACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY 

DIPS A CITS 

D. sYLVEsTRis, Mill. WildTeasel. Roadside weed. " C&stleton," Reed ; 

Shoreham, Brainerd ; Charlotte, Pringle. 

SCABIOSA 
S. ARVENsis, L. Scabious. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle. 

CUCURBIT ACEAE. GOURD FAMILY 

ECHINOCYSTIS 

E. lobata, Torr. ct Gray. ( Micrampelis lobata, Greene.) Wild Cucumber. 

Alluvial banks and waste places ; frequent. 

SICYOS 
S. angulatus, L. Star Cucumber. River banks and waste places ; frequent. 

CAMPANULACEAE. BELLFLOWER FAMILY 

CAMPANULA. Bellflowek 
C. aparinoides, Pursh. Low sedgy thickets ; rare. 
' C. rapunculoides, L. Roadside escape ; occasional. 
C. rotundifolia, L. Harebell. Rocky banks ; common. 

SPECULARIA. (LEGOUZIA) 
.S. perfoliata, A. DC. Dry rocky woodlands ; occasional and local. 

LOBELIACEAE. LOBELIA FAMILY 

LOBELIA 

L. cardinalis, L. Cardinal-flower. Swales and margins of ponds and 
streams ; frequent. 

L. Dortmanna, L. Shallow margins of ponds and bogs ; occasional. 

L. inflata, L. Fields and pastures ; common. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 83 

L. Kalmti, L. Cool moist rocks and fields ; occasional. 
L. spicata, Lain, Fields and waysides ; occasional. 

COMPOSITAE. COMPOSITE FAMILY 

ACHILLEA 
A, Millefolium, L. Yarrow. Dry fields and roadsides ; common. 

AMBROSIA. Ragweed 

A. artemisiaefolia, L. Roman Wormwood. Waste places ; common. 
A. trifida, L. Moist allnvial soil ; occasional. 

ANAPHALIS 

A. margaritacea, Benth. and Hook. Pearly Everlasting. Dry hills and 
woods ; common. 

ANTENNARIA. Plantain-leaved Everlasting 

A. Brainerdii, Fernald. ( Rhodora I:lo.'^. 1899.) Moist banks, usually in 
shade ; occasional. 

A. Canadensis, (ireene. Dry and moist ground ; common. 

A. Canadensis, (ireene, var. Randii, Fernald. With the type ; occasional. 

A. fallax, Greene. In partial shade ; occasional. 

A. fallax, Greene, var. (A. Farwellii, Fernald, Rhodora 1: 152. 1899, not 
Greene. ) Meadows and hillsides ; common in Addison connt}^ 

A. neglecta, Greene. Old fields ; common. 

A. neodioica, Greene. (^Id pastures and fields ; frequent. 

A. neodioica, Greene, var. attenuata, Fernald. Dry fields and pastures ; 
cnmmon. 

A. neodioica, Greene, var. grandis, Fernald. I'sually in shade ; frequent. 

A. Parlinii, Fernald. Dry banks and thickets ; occasional. 

A, Parlinii, Fernald, var. arnoglossa, Fernald. ( A. arnoglossa, (Greene.) 
Heavy soil ; frequent in Addison county. 

A. petaloidea, Fernald. Old pastures ; common. 

A. plantaginea, R. Br. (A. plantaginifolia, Hook.) Dry open woodlands; 
occasional. 

A, plantaginea, R- Br. var. petiolata, Fernald. Dry woodlands and hilltops; 
occasional. 


84 FLORA OF VERMONT 

ANTHEMIS 
A. C'i)Tur,A, DC. Mayweed. Waste places ; common. 

ARCTIUM. Burdock 

A. Lappa, L. (A. Lappa, L. var. majus, Gray.) Waste places ; frequent,, 
especially in mountain towns. 

A. MINUS, Bernh. (A. Lappa, L. var. minus, Gray.) Waste places; common. 
A burdock witli webbed heads, Manchester, Miss Day, represents the 
form known as var. tomentosum, Gray. M. L. Fernald says, however, 
that it is not the real A. tomenlosum of P^urope and is not to be separ- 
ated from A. minus. 

ARTEMISIA. Wormwood 

A. Absinthium, L. Dry hills and roadsides; occasional. 

A, biennis, Wiild. Introduced along raii\yays ; occasional. 

A, Canadensis, Miciix. " Willoughby Lake," .1. U^owc/; Smuggler's Notch, 
t'riuijle ; slaty shore of nortliern Lake Chainplain, Bndnerd. 

A. caudata, ^Miclix. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain ; occasional. 

A. vui.oARis, L. Waste places ; common. 

ASTER 

A. acuminatus, Michx. Cool rich woods ; common. 

A, amethystinus, Nutt. Moist ground. " Brattleboro," Frost; South Pow- 
nal, Eggleston. 

A. cordifolius, L. Woodlands ; common. 

A. cordifolius, L var. polycephalus, Porter. Johnson, Groat. 

A. diffusus, Ait. (A. lateriflorus, Britton. ) Thickets and fields ; common. 

A. diffusus, Ait. var. hirsuticaulis. Gray. ( A. hirsuticaulis, Lindl.) Borders 
of thickets. " Bellows Falls," Carey; "Burlington," J/wcrac ; Highgate 
Springs, Jesiip ; Brattleboro, Grout. 

A. divaricatus, L. (A. corymbosus, Ait.) ^Nfoist woodlands ; common. 

A. dumosus, L. Thickets. Rutland, Egglcstou. 

A. ericoides, L. Dry open places, souihern Vermont ; occasional. 

A. ericoides, L. var. Pringlei, Gray. (A. Pringlei, Britton.) Slaty headlands 
and islands of Lake Chamiiiain ; frequent. Manchester, J/(.s.s Day. 

A. junceus, Ait. Peat bogs ; rare. 

A. laevis, L. Borders of woodlands, southern Vermont ; frequent. 

A. linariifolius, L. (lonactis linariifolius, Greene. ) Dry sandy soil ; occa- 
sional. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 85 

A. macrophyllus, L. IMoist woods ; common. 

A. macfophyllus, L. var. excelsior, Burgess. Kipton, Brainerd. 

A. macrophyllus, L. vai-. pinguifolius, Burgess. Pownal, EgijleKfon ; Lake 
iHmmore, Brahierd. 

A. multiflorus. Ait. Dry liilU' pastures. Pownal, Robbins, Eggleston ; Ver- 
non, (lrou(. 

A. multiflorus, Ait.var.exiguus, Fernald. In railroad yard, Norwich, <Sarf/('«.<. 

A. nemoralis, Ait. Rocky shores of North Bond, Brunswick, Kggleston. 

A. nemoralis. Ait. var Blakei, Porter. Belden Pond, Johnson, Grout. 

A. Novae- Angliae, L. Moist ground ; common in western Vermont from 
Addison county southward, less so elsewhere. Forms with rose-purple 
rays, var. rosem, DC, and with white rays occur; Bennington, EgglcMnn. 

A. Novi-Belgii, L. Moist shady soil, Connecticut River valley ; occasional. 
A peculiar form occurs in Smuggler's Notch. 

A, paniculatus, Lam. Shady moist soil ; common. 

A. paniculatus, Lam. var. bellidiflorus. Burgess. Rutland, EgglcMon. 

A. polyphyllus, Willd. (A. Faxoni, Porter. ) Willoughby Mountain, Tack- 
eymun, Euon. "A dwarf form in pastures, Newark and Sutton," E. 
Eaxon. 

A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Newfane, Grout. 

A, ptarmicoides, Torr. and Gray. Dry limestone ledges, Bennington county; 
occasional. 

A. puniceus, L. Low thickets and swamps ; common. 

A. puniceus, L. var. firmus, ToiT. and Gray. (var. kevicaulis, Gray.) Sud- 
bury, F. W. Huhhij. Specimen in Gray herbarium. 

A. radula. Ait. " Brattleboro," Frost; Cranberry Pond bog, Ferdinand, 

EggleMnn . 

A. sagittifolius, Willd. Dry ground. Common in the Hoosic valley, Pownal, 

EJggU'ston . 

A. salicifolios, Ait. Low grounds. North Pownal, rare, Eggleston. 

A. tardiflorus, L. Moist shady ground. Newfane, Grout; Rutland, Castle- 
ton, Eggleston : Manchester, ^fiss Day. 

A. Tradescanti, L. Low grounds ; common. 

A. umbellatus, ^liil. ( Doellingeria umbellata, Nees.) Moist thickets; 
common. 

A. undulatus, L. Dry copses ; common. 

A. vimineus. Lam. Moist banks ; frequent. 


86 FLORA OF VERMONT 

A. vimineus. Lam. var. foliolosus, Gray. Ledges. Sumner's Falls, Hartland, 
I'jjgleston. 

A. vimineus, Lam. var. saxatilis, Fernald. Ledges, Winooski River. Wil- 

liston, Pringle. 

BIDENS. Bur Marigold 

B. Beckii, Torr. Ponds and deep slow streams ; occasional. 
B. cernua, L. Wet places; common. 

B. chrysantfaemoidcs, ^Nlichx. (B. laevis, B. S. P.) Wet grounds ; common. 
B. connata, ^luhl. Low margins of streams and lakes ; frequent. 

B. frondosa, L. Beggar's Ticks. Moist waste places ; common. 

CENTAL RE A 

C. Jacea, L. Adventive. Charlotte^ Pringle. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM 
C. LEUCA^"nIE^[u^r, L. White Daisy. Fields and meadows ; common. 

CICHORIUM 
C. Lntvbus, L. Chicory. Roadsides and meadows ; common. 

CNICrS. (CARDUUS.) Thistle 

C. altissimus, Willd. var. discolor, Gray. (Carduus discolor, Nutt.) Copses ; 
occasional. 

C. AKVENsis, Hoffm. Canada Thistle. Fields and waste places ; common. 

C. LANCEOLATus, Hoffm. Bull Tliistle. Pastures and roadsides ; common. 

C muticus, Pursh. Swamp Thistle. Swamps and low woods ; frequent. 

C. pumilus, Torr. (Carduus odoratus, I'orter. ) Pasture Thistle. The most 
common pasture thistle of the southern counties ; unknown north of 
Rutland count}'. 

CREPIS 

C. BIENNIS, L. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle. 

ERECHTITES 

E. hieracifolia, Raf. Fireweed. INIoist woods, especially in recent clearings ; 
common. 

ERIGERON. FLEAI5ANE 

E. annuus, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. Fields and waste places ; common. 

E. bellidifolius, Muhl. (E. pulchellus, Michx.) Copses and moist banks; 
couimon. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 87 

E. Canadensis, L. (Leptilon Canadense, Britton.) Horsewi'ed. Waste 
places ; common. 

E. hyssopifolius, Michx. Moist rocky river banks and mountain cliffs ; 
occasional. 

E. Philadelphicus, L. Moist ground ; common. 

E, strigosus, Mnhl. (E. i-amosus, B. S. P.) Fields ; common. 

EUPATOKIl'M. TiroKOUGinvoRT 

E. ageratoides, L. Moist rich woods ; common. 

E. perfoliatum, L. Boneset. Thoronghwort. Low grounds ; common. 

E. purpureum, L. var. amoenum» Gray. Dry open woods. I'ownal, Eggleston. 

E. purpufcum, L. var. maculatum,' Darl. (E. maculatum, L. ) Joe-Pye Weed. 
.Moist thickets and low grounds; common. 

E. sessilifolium, L. Dry open woods about base of cliff. Nortli Pownal, 

Egglexton. 

GALINSOGA 

G. PARviFLORA, Cav. ''lu waste heaps, Windsor," Zeiajid; Burlington, 
Grout. Becoming common as a garden weed. ]Most of the Burlington 
plants show spreading pubescence, var. ]iispida, DC. 

GNAPH ALIUM. Everlasti n< ; 

G. decurrens, Ives. Hillsides ; common. 

G. polycephalum, ]Michx. (G. obtusifolium, L.?) Old fields and woods; com- 
mon. 

G. uliginosum, L. Cudweed. JNIoist soil ; common. 

HELI A XTHUS. Sunflower 

H. annuus, L. Sunflower. An occasional escape. 

H. decapetalus, L. Copses and low banks of streams ; frequent. 

H. divaricatus, L. Thickets and barrens ; frequent. 

H, giganteus, L. " Brattleboro," Frost: " Royalton," Ward: Randolph, 
Bates. 

H. strumosus, L. Dry woods and banks ; occasional. 

H. tuberosus, L. .Jerusalem Artichoke. Along fences and roadsides ; fre- 
quent. 

I Probably the typical Eupatorium purptireum occurs in Vermont. Upon looking 
through the various herbaria, however, no Vermont specimens of it are found and it must 
therefore be omitted from this list. It should be sought for next season. 


88 FLORA OF VERMONT 

HELIOPSIS 
H. scabra, Dunal. Franklin, Wild; Hartford and Norwich, /S'arp'en^ 

HIERACIUM. Hawkweed 

H. AURANTiAcuM, L. Orange Hawkweed. Common. A weed pest in pas- 
tures and lawns, especialh' in the northwestern counties. 
H. Canadense, IMichx. Dry cool woods ; frequent. 
H. paniculatum, L. ( )pen woods ; frequent. 
H. scabrum, Michx. Dry open woods ; common. 
H. venosum, L. Dry plains and pine woods ; occasional. 

INULA 
I. Helexium, L. Elecampane. Roadsides and damp pastures ; frequent. 

KRIGIA 

K, Virginica, NVilld. (Adopogon Carolinianura, Britton.) Dwarf Dande- 
lion. Dry sterile soil ; occasional. 

LACTUCA. Wild Lettuce 

L. Canadensis, L. Rich damp soil, borders of fields and thickets ; common. 

L. hirsuta, Muhl. Charlotte, Pringle. 

L. integrifolia, Bigel. Newfane, Grout; Pownal, Eggleston ; Middlebury, 
Brainerd. 

L. leucophaea. Gray. (L. spicata, Hitchcock.) Low grounds ; common. 

L. ScARioLA, L. Prickly Lettuce. Waste places ; Rutland, Jones ; St. 
Albans, Orton ; Burlington, Mrs. Flynn. 

LAPS AN A ( L AMPSAN A ) 
L. COMMUNIS, L. Brattleboro, Frost. 

LEONTODON 

L. AUTUMJ^ALis, L. Fall Dandelion. Abundant on village green, Irasburgh, 
T. E. Hazen, Wild. 

MATRICARIA 

M, i)iscoide\, DC. (M. matricarioides, Porter.) Adventive from Pacific 
coast. Abundant along railnjad and highways, Pownal, Eggleston. 


FLORA OF VKRMOXT 89 


ONOPORDON 


O. AcANTHii'M, L. Cotton Thistle. "Dry i^astiires, Willistoii and Grand 
Isle," liobblns ; Charlotte, Pringle. 

PETASITES 

P. palmata, Gray. Sweet Coltsfoot. Wooded borders of cold swamps and 
streams ; occasional. Fairhaven, Rohhins ; Charlotte, Pringle ; Sutton, 
Faxon ; Peacham, Blanchard. 

PICRIS 
P. HtERACioiDKs, L. .Idventive from Europe. Charlotte, Pringle. 

POLYMNIA 
P. Canadensis, L. Limistone ledges, Rutland and Proctor, Eggleston. 

PRENANTHES. ( NABALUS. ) Rattlesnake-root 
P. alba, L. Borders of rich woods ; occasional. 

P. altissima, L. Rich moist woods ; common. 

P. altissima, L. var. hispidula, Fernald, n. var. " Stem villous or hispid : 
leaves at least hispidulous on the veins beneath. — Vermont, Monktoii, 
Sept. 18, 1879, C. G. Pringle: Maine, Augusta, Sept. 2, 1886, E. C 
SmitJi, ; Woodstock, 1887, J. C. Parlin: Massactiisetts, North Leo- 
minster, Sept., 1891, Miss L. E. Shedd.'^ 

P. Boottii, Gray. Mansfield Chin and Nose ; Pringle. 

P. trifoliokta, Fernald, in h-^rb. (Nabalustrifoliolatus, Cass; P. Serpentaria, 
Gray, in part, not Pursh. ) Lion's-foot. Dry sterile soil ; frequent. 

RUDBECKIA. Cone-flower 
R. hirta, L. Yellow Daisy. Meadows ; common. 
R. laciniata, L. Low thickets ; frequent. 

SENECIO. Groundsel 

S. aureus, L. Golden Ragwort. Swamps ; common. 

S. Bilsam'tae, Miihl. (S. a-ireas, L. var. Balsamitae, Torr. and Gray. )Moist 
cliffs and rocky banks of streams ; frequent. 

S. obovatus, Muhl. (S. aureus, L. var. obovatus, Torr. and Gray.) Dry 
open woods. Bennington and Pownal, common, Eobbins, Churchill. 

S. Robbinsii, Oakes. Com non in the cold swamps of northern and central 
Vermont. 

S. vulgaris, L. Garden weed ; occasional. 


90 FLORA OF VERMONT 

SERICOCARPUS 

S. conyzoides, Nees. (S. asteroides, B. S. P.) Dry open woods. Pownal 
and Arlington, Rohbini^ ; Vernon, Grout. 

SOLIDAG 0. GOLDENROD 

S. arguta, Ait. Copses and moist woods ; common. 

S. bicolor, L. Dry copses ; common. 

S. bicolor, L. var. concolor, Torr. and Gray. (S. hispida, Muhl.) Dry shady 
cliffs and sterile soil ; occasional. 

S. caesia, L. Rich woodlands ; common. 

S. Canadensis, L. Borders of thickets and fields ; common. 

S. Canadensis, L. var. glabrata. Porter. Perch Pond bog, Pownal, CliurcJi'dl 
and Eggleston. 

S. Canadensis, L. var. procera, Torr. and Gray. INIanchester, J/i.%' Day. 

S. Canadensis, L. var. scabra, Torr. and Gray. Rntland, Eggleston. 

S. humilis, Pursh. (S. Purshii, Porter.) Rocky banks of lakes and streams; 
occasional. Winooski Gorge, near Burlington, is the station of Pursh's 
type. 

S. juncea, Ait. Copses and banks ; common. 

S. lanceolata, L. (Euthamia graminifolia, Nutt. ) Moist soil ; common. 

S. latifolia, L. (S. flexicaulis, L. ) Moist shaded banks ; frequent. 

S. macrophylla, Pursh. Highest peaks of Green Mountains ; common above 
3000 feet. 

S. neglecta, Torr. and Gray. Bogs and swamps ; occasional. 

S. nemoralis. Ait. Dry sterile fields ; common. 

S. patula, INInhl. Swamps ; frequent in Bennington county. 

S. puberula, Nutt. Sandy soil ; occasional. 

S. rugosa, Mill. Borders of fields and copses ; common. 

S. serotina, Ait. Copses and fencerows ; common. 

S. serotina. Ait. var. gigantea. Gray. Low grounds and moist thickets ; 
frequent. 

S. squarrosa, INIuhl. Rocky woods ; occasional. 

S. uliginosa, Xutt. Peat bogs ; occasional. 

S. ulmifolia, IMuhl. About base of cliffs. North Pownal, Eggleston. 

S. Virgaurea, L. Shady cliffs along the quartzite range of the Green ]Moun- 
tainsat altitude of 1000-2000 feet. In tlie cliffs of Mt. Mansfield and 


FLORA OF VERMONT 91 

Willoughby INIountain and on the headlands of Lake Champlain are 
found the forms described by Porter as var. monticola (var. Deanei) 
var. Randii and var. RedfieUUi. 

S. Virgaurea, L. var. alpina, Bigel. Mansfield Chin ; Camel's Hump, 
Brainerd. 

SONCHUS. Sow Thistle 

S. ARVENsis, L. Creeping Sow Thistle. Shores and waste places of Cham- 
plain valley, becoming frequent ; Xewfane, Grout. 

S. ASPER, Till. Waste places in rich soil ; frequent. 

S. oLERACEus, L. Waste places with the preceding. 

TANACETUM. Tansy 
T. vulgare, L. Roadsides ; frequent. 
T, VULGARE, L. var. crispum, DC. With the species ; frequent. 

TARAXACUM 

T. ERYTHRo.sPERiiuM; Audrz. Red-seeded Dandelion. Shallow soil about 
ledges ; frequent. Possibly native. 

T. OFFICINALE, Weber. (T. Taraxacum, Karst. ) Dandelion. Common. 

TRAGOf'OGOX 
T, PR.\TENsis, L. Goat's-beard. Waste places ; frequent. 

TUSSILAGO 

T. Farfara, L. Coltsfoot. Moist clay banks and along mountain streams; 
common. 

XANTHIUM. CocKr.EBiR 

X. Canadcnse, Mill. Shores of lakes and rivers ; frequent. 

X. Cinaiense, Mill. var. echinatum, Gray. Burlington and sliDres of Con- 
necticut River, Braitierd. 

X, .STRUMARiD.M, L. Bauks of streams and waste places ; frequent. 


92 


FLORA OF VERMONT 


STATISTICAL SUMMARIES 

In the following summaries varieties and hybrids are counted with 
species. When, however, in Tables II and III the numbers are the same, 
precedence in the list is given to the family or genus containing the fewer 
varieties and hybrids. The summaries include the species recognized in 
the list of "Additions and Corrections." 

I. NUMBERS AND SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES 


Native 


Foreign 


Total 


Pteridophytes 


81 


81 


Gymnosperms 


15 


15 


Angiosperms 


Monocotyledons 


441 


33 


474 


Dicotyledons 


793 


200 


993 


Totals 


1330 


233 


1563 


II. DISTRIBUTION 


OF 


SPECIES 


AND 


VARIETIES 


AMONG THE 


PRINCIPAL FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS 

IXCLUDIXG ALL HAVIXG 15 OR MORE SPECIES 

Monocotyledons. 15 families. Ill genera 


Cyperaceie 
Gramineje 


Genera 

9 
44 


Specie!, and varieties 
Native Foreign 

192 
101 29 


Total 

192 

130 


Orchidacea} 


14 


43 


43 


Liliaceae 


19 


26 


4 


30 


Naiadacea- 


4 


29 


29 


Juncacete 


2 


19 


19 


The other nine families 


19 


31 


31 


Dicotyledons. 


85 families 


. 362 GENERA 


Compositie 
Rosacese 


42 
14 


140 

64 


31 

12 


171 
70 


Leguminosee 
Labiatie 


17 
25 


32 
31 


14 
14 


46 
45 


Cruciferfe 


18 


25 


16 


41 


Ericacete 


16 


39 


39 


Kanunculacese 


11 


31 


4 


35 


Caryophyllacea 


11 


14 


17 


31 


Polygonacete 


3 


21 


10 


31 


Scrophulariacete 
Salicaceje 


13 
2 


25 
22 


5 
6 


30 

28 


Cupulifene 
LTmbelliferte 


8 
16 


26 
16 


5 


26 
21 


Capri foliacese 


7 


20 


1 


21 


Rubiace;e 


4 


16 


3 


19 


Saxifragacefe 


6 


16 


10 


Violaceae 


1 


16 


10 


The other 08 families 


148 


239 


62 


301 


FLORA OF VERMONT 93 

III. THE PRINCIPAL GENERA OF ANGIOSPEKMS 
Including all having ten or >roRE species 
Monocotyledons 


Genera 


Species 


Carex 


135 


Potamogeton 


20 


Scirpus 


20 


Panicuni 


19 


Juncus 


15 


Eleocharis 


15 


Habenaria 


12 


Dicotyledons 


Genera 


Species 


Aster 


39 


Solidago 


25 


Polygonum 


22 


Salix 


22 


Viola 


16 


Rubus 


16 


Galium 


15 


Ranunculus 


15 


Antennaria 


14 


Vaccinium 


' 11 


Quercus 


11 


Hypericum 


10 


IV. THE NATIA^^: FLORA 

It is often difficult to determine whether a plant is native or intro- 
duced. In the above summaries those plants are classified as " native," 
which are considered to be natives of northeastern America and which are, 
therefore, printed in full-face type in the catalogue, following the usage of 
the Gray Manual. This is not strictly correct, since a number of sucii 
plants have recently been added to the original flora of Vermont fi-om the 
more immediately adjacent parts of this continent. Some of tliese like 
Rudbeckia hirta and Hordeumjubatum are clearly recognizable as introduced, 
while others like Cenchrna tribuloides and Chenopodium capilatum are appar- 
ently natives in some localities, although plainly not so in others. 

Tlie problem is further complicated by the fact that natural agen- 
cies other than man are operative in plant distribution. For ex- 
ample birds not only disseminate seeds locally, but at the migrating season 
they may carry them long distances. Probably some of our newly recog- 
nized forms of Cratsegus have been brought from tlie South by migrating 
crows or other birds within recent years. Disregarding these more natural 
agencies we have attempted to select from among tlie species considered to 
be natives of this continent and, therefore, printed in full-face type in this 
catalogue, such as have in our judgment been introduced in Vermont by 
the direct or indirect agency of the white man. This list is doubtless 
incomplete and imperfect. In our judgment, however, the following plants, 
except where marked questionable, have been introduced in Vermont. 
Those followed by a question mark occur usually, if not always, as intro- 
duced plants, but it is possible that they may also occur occasionally as 


94 


FLORA OF VERMONT 


natives. Thirty-seven names are included as unquestionably introduced. If 
these are deducted from the figures in the above summary it leaves as rep- 
resenting the more strictly native flora of the State 438 monocotyledons and 
759 dicotyledons, which added to the Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms 
gives a revised total of 1293 native species, varieties and hybrids. 

Achillea Millefolium, L. ? Monarda punctata, L. 

Araarantus blitoides, Wats. Oxalis stricta, L. 

Amarantus graecizans, L. Paspalum setaceum, Michx. ? 

Ambrosia triflda, L. Pentstemon L'evigatus, Solander. 

Arabis perfoliata, Lam. ? Phlox paniculata, L. 

Artemisia biennis, Willd. Physalis heterophylla, Xees. 

Aster multiflorus, Ait. var. exiguus, Physalis heterophylla, Nees, var. 


Fernald. 
Atriplex patulum, L. 
Baptisia australis, R. Br. 
Cassia nictitans, L. ? 
Cenchrus tribuloides, L. ? 
Chenopodium capitatum, AVats. ? 
Chenopodium hybridum, L. ? 
Cnicus pumilus, Torr. ? 
Crotallaria sagittalis, L. ? 
Eragrostis pectinacea, Steud. ? 
Eragrostis Purshii, Schrader. 
Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. ? 
Euphorbia corollata, L. 
Festuca ovina, L. 
Helianthus annuus, L. 
Helianthus tuberosus, L. 
Ileliopsis scabra, Dunal. ? 
Hordeum jubatum, L. 
Humulus Lupulus, L. ? 
Krigia Virginica, Willd. ? 
Lepidium apetaluni, Willd. 
Lepidium Virginicum, L. 
IVIonarda fistulosa, L. var. rubra. Gray 


ambigua, Rydberg. 
Physalis pruinosa, L. 
Physalis Virginiana, INlill. 
Plantago aristata, Michx. 
Plantago major, L. 
Polygonum aviculare, L. ? 
Polygonum erectum, L. 
Polygonum Hydropiper, L. 
Polygonum ramosissimum, Michx. ? 
Ranunculus re pens, L. 
Robinia pseudacacia, L. 
Robinia viscosa, Vent. 
Rudbeckia hirta, L. 
Sagina decumbens, Torr and (iray. ? 
Sagina procumbens, L. ? 
Silene antirrhina, L. ? 
Spergularia rubra, Presl. 
Spira-a lobata, Jacq. 
Stachys palustris, L. 
Symphoricarpos racemosus, Michx. 
Veronica peregrina, L. 
Vicia Cracca, L. ? 


FLORA OF VERMONT 95 


SUPPLEMENTARY LISTS 

List i. The plants of the following list have been reported for Ver- 
mont, and in most cases there is a probability that they occur ; but 
we have been unable, after years of search and inquiry, to verify the 
report. We have, therefore, felt compelled to omit them from the 
present catalogue. But we would once more call the attention of all 
collectors in Vermont to the list, hoping that many of these plants 
may be rediscovered and reported with specimens. 

The catalogues referred to are as follows : 

James, Edwin. Catalogue of Plants of Middlebury, in Hall's Statistical 
Account of the Town of Middlebury, 1821. 

Oakes, Wm. Catalogue of Vermont Plants, in Thompson's History of Ver- 
mont, 1852. 

Torrey, Joseph. Catalogue of Vermont Plants. A continuation of the 
last in Appendix to the History of Vermont, 1853. 

Perkins, G. H. Flora of Vermont in the Vermont Agricultural Reports of 
1882 and 1888. 

Jesup, H. G. Catalogue of the Plants of Hanover, N. H., 1891. 

Asclepias purpurascens, L. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey' s Catalogue. 

Asclepias verticillata, L. Brattleboro, Frost; Torrey's Catalogue. 

Aster dumosus, L. var. strictior, Torr. & Gray. Oakes' Catalogue. 

Aster elodes, Torr. & Gray. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey's Catalogue. 

Aster patens. Ait. Barrows ; Perkins' Flora. 

Calamagrostis Nuttalliana, Steud. Windsor, Iceland ; .Tesup's Flora. 

Carex gynocrates. Worm. Burlington, Torrey ; Perkins' Flora. 

Carex trichocarpa, Muhl. Burlington, Torrey ; Perkins' Flora. 

Carex varia, Muhl. Bellows Falls, Cai'ey ; Oakes' Catalogue. 

Carex vestita, Willd. Middlebury, James ; Oakes' Catalogue. 

Cimicifuga racemosa, Nutt. Middlebury, James; Mt. Mansfield, Shelburne, 

Rock Point, Burlington, Macrae ; Oakes' Catalogue. 
Crataegus tomentosa, L. Southern Vermont ; Perkins' Flora. 
Crataegus tomentosa, L. var. B., Torr. tt Gray. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' 

Catalogue. 
Desmodium canescens, DC. Pownal, Bobbins ; Oakes' Catalogue. 
Eragrostis capillaris, Nees. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' Catalogue. 
Festuca tenella, Willd. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' Catalogue. 
Festuca ovina, L. var duriuscula, Koch ; Oakes' Catalogue. 
Galeopsis Ladanum. L. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' Catalogue. 


96 FLORA OF VERMONT 

Geranium Carolinianum, L. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakea' Catalogue. 

Glyceria obtusa, Trin, Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' Catalogue. 

Hieracium Gronovii, Tourn. Colchester, Torrey ; Brattleboro, Frost ; Tor- 
rey's Catalogue. 

Hypoxia erecta, L. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey' s Catalogue. 

Isoetes Engelmanii, Braun. var. gracilis, Engelm. Frost ; Perkins' Flora. 

Linum Virginianum, L. Pownal, Robbins ; Oakes' Catalogue. 

Muhlenbergia sobolifera, Trin. Oakes' Catalogue. 

Oxalis violacea, L. Cavendish, Dr. Graves ; X. Pomfret, A. P. Morgan ; 
Jesup's Flora. 

Plantago Virginica, L, Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey's Catalogue. 

Poa trivialis, L. Perkins' Flora. 

Podostemon ceratophyllus, Michx. Brattleboro, Frost; Torrey's Catalogue. 

Polygonella articulata, Meisn. Colchester Point, Pringle ; Perkins' Flora. 

Potamogeton pulcher, Tackerm. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey's Catalogue. 

Pyrus arbutifolia, L. f. var. erythrocarpa. Oakes' Catalogue. 

Quercus coccinea, Wang. Oakes' Catalogue. 

Ranunculus sceleratus, L. Oakes' Catalogue. 

Salix alba, L. Perkins' Flora. 

Scleria triglomerata, Michx. Vermont ; Gray Manual and Britton & Brown 
Illustrated Flora. 

Scirpus polyphyllus, Vahl. Pownal, Robbins ; Oakes' Catalogue. 

Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. Lake Champlain, Michaux ; Oakes' Cata- 
logue. 

Sisymbrium Thaliana, Gaud. A. Wood ; Torrey's Catalogue. 

Smilax rotundifolia, L. Oakes' Catalogue. 

Solidago odora, Ait. Oakes' Catalogue. 

Trifolium procumbens, L. Perkins' Flora. 

Urtica dioica, L. Oakes' Catalogue. 

Viola pedata. L. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey's Catalogue. 

List ii. The following species have appeared in former lists of Vermont 
plants ; but are now omitted as they have proved to be mere waifs, 
or, if occasionally spontaneous, not persisting. 

iEsculus Hippocastanum, L. Melissa officinalis, L. 

Bromus hordaceus, L. Myosotis arvensis, Hoffm. 

Isatis tinctoria, L. Oenothera laciniata, Hill,' 

Ligustrum vulgare, L. Papaver dubium, L. 

Koeleria cristata, Pers. Ribes aureum, Pursh. 

Lycopus arvensis, L. Veronica Virginica, L. 

I " Naturalized iu Vermont" Brittou Browu, 111.. Flora, II 4S:. This doubtless refers 
to plants collected at Fort Ethan Alien by Grout and Jones, in 1S96, which were waifs. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 9/ 

List hi. The following is a list of plants omitted from the present cata- 
logue, although given in Perkins' Flora of Vermont, 1888 edition. 
Some of them are known to have been errors in determination, 
others represent specific names which have been suppressed in recent 
revisions, and the balance are so far out of their range that there is 
little doubt that they have been incorrectly assigned to the flora of 
the State. 

Amarantus chlorostachys, Willd. 

Anychiardichotoma, Michx. 

Asclepias variegata, L. 

Carex Crawei, Dewey. 

Carex laxiflora. Lam. var. intermedia, Boott. 

Carex rosea, Schkuhr. var. retro flexa, Torr. 

Carex rostrata. With. 

Carex striata, Michx. 

Carex Shortiana, Dewey. 

Carex tetanica, .Schkuhr, var. Meadii, Bailey. 

Cnicus horridulus, Pursh. 

Clematis Viorna, L. 

Cyperus setigerus, T. & H. 

Desmodium rotundifolium, DC. 

Draba verna, L. 

Eleocharis rostellata, Torr. 

Eriocaulon decangulare, IMichx. 

Gerardia purpurea, L. 

Habenaria ciliaris E. Br. # 

Helianthus tracheliifolius, Willd- 

Hypericum mutilum L. var. gymnanthemum, Gray. 

Juncus acuminatus, Michx. var. debilis, Engelm. 

Leucothoe racemosa, Gray. 

Lepidium ruderale, L. 

Lycopus Europseus, L. 

Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Michx. 

OEnothera fruticosa, L. 

Panicum amarum, Ell. 

Pycnanthemum aristatum, Michx. 

Pyrola rotundifolia, L. var. incarnata, DC. 

Rumex aquatica, L. 

Rumex sanguineus, L. 

Sagittaria lancifolia, L. 

Sagittaria natans, Michx. 

Seriococarpus solidagineus, Nees. 

Sisyrinchium albidum, Raf. 


98 FLORA OF VERMONT 

Solidago rigida, L. 

Trifolium stoloniferuin, Muhl. 

Thaspium aureum, Nutt. 

Thaspium trifoliatum, Gray. 

Tliaspium trifoliatum, Gray, var. apterum. Gray. 

Tipularia discolor, Nutt. 

Triodia caprea, Jacq. 

Viola striata. Ait. 

Viola tricolor, L. var. arvensis, L. 

Vitis cordifolia, Michx. 

Vitis riparia, Engelm. 

List iv. Tlie following species have been found near the Vermont line 
and it is probable that they occur within the State : 

Asclepias incarnata L. var. pulchra, Pers. Negro Island, Connecticut 

River, Hanover, N. H. 
Aster Lindleyanus, Torr. & Gray. Wantastiquet Mountain, Hinsdale, N.H. 
Aster Schreberi, Nees. " Abundant in the Connecticut River valley on the 

N. H. side." M. L. Fernald. 
Calamintha Acinos, Beath. Within a few rods of the State line at Wil- 

liamstown, Mass. 
Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. Lebanon, N. H. 
Rosa nitida, Willd. Enfield and New London, N. H. 
Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. Shore of Lake Champlain, N. Y. 
Spiranthes simplex. Gray. Near Williamstown, Mass. 
Stellaria longipes, Goldie. Claremont, N. H.; Williamstown, Mass. 
Vacciniim staninjutn, L. Greylock Mountain, Williamstown, Mass. 
Verbena angustifolia, Michx. Hanover, N. H. 
Xyris fiexui^a, Mahl. var. pusilla, (^ray, Plainfield, N. H. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 


99 


LESSER FLORAS 

The natural congregations among wild plants furnish most interesting 
problems to the botanist, and this interest deepens and the profit from the 
study grows when one seeks beyound the mere fact of the occurrence of 
certain plants in certain localities for the explanation of such occurrence. 
It was hoped when this catalogue was planned that some more adequate 
discussion of our flora might be given along these lines. Lack of space 
and time alike forbid that this plah be carried out in full. All that can 
now be attempted is the inclusion of the bare lists of a few of the more 
important of these lesser floras. 


The following plants occur only, or principally, on the alpine summits 
of the Green JMountainp, or in the higher mountain cliffs, as at Smuggler's 
Notch. 

Agrostis canina, L. var. alpina, Gentiana Amarella, L. var. acuta, 

Oakes. Hook. f. 

Arenaria Groenlandica, Spreng. Hierochloe alpina, R. & S. 

Arenaria verna, L var. hirta, Wats. Juncus trifidus, L. 

Asplenium viride, Hudson. Luzula spicata, Desvaux. 

Betula papyrifera. Marsh, var. mi- Lycopodium annotinum, L. var. 

nor, Tuckerm. pungens. Spring. 

Carex atrata, L. var. ovat'a, Boott. Lycopodium Selago, L. 

Carex canescens, L. var. alpicola, Poa laxa, Haenke. 

Wahl. Polygonum viviparum, L. 

Carex rigida, Gooden, var. Bigelo- Prenantlies Boottii, Gray. 

vii, Tuckerm. Salix phylicifolia, L. 

Carex scirpoidea, Michx. Salix Uva-ursi, Pursh. 

Castilleia pallida, Kunth. var. sep- Scirpus caspitosus, L. 

tentrionalis. Gray. Solidago Virgaurea, L. var. alpina, 
Comandra livida, Kichard. Bigel. 

Deschampsia atropurpurea, Scheele. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. 
Diapensia Lapponica, L. var. angustifolium, Gray. 

Empetrum nigrum, L. Vaccinium uliginosum, L. 

Festuca brachyphylla, Schultes. Vaccinium Vitis-Ida-a, L. 


100 


FLORA OF VERMONT 


SUB-ALPINE OR MONTANE 


The following plants occur characteristically at high altitudes, andjare 


rarely found below 1500 feet. 

Agropyron Novse-Anglice, Scribn. 
Alnus viridis, DC. 
Amelanchier oligocarpa, Roem. 
Aspidium aculeatum, Swartz. var. 

Braunii, Koch. 
Aspidium fragrans, Swartz. 
Aspidium spinulosum, Swartz, var. 

dilitatum, Hook. 
Astragalus Blakei, Eggleston. 
Braya humilis, Robinson. 
Calamagrostis breviseta, Scribn. var. 

lacustris, Kearney. 
Calamagrostis hyperborea, Lange. 
Calamagrostis hyperborea, Lange, 

var. Americana, Kearney. 
Calamagrostis inexpansa. Gray. 
Calamagrostis Langsdorfii, Trin. 
Draba incana, L. 
Epilobium lineare, Muhl. var. oli- 

ganthum, Trelease 
Galium Kamtschaticum, Steller. 
Gentiana linearis, Froel. 
Geum macrophyllum, Willd. 
Goodyera repens, E. Br. 
Goodyera tesselata, Ladd. 


Habenaria frimbriata, R. Br. 
Habenaria obtusata, Richards. 
Hedysarum boreale, Xutt. 
Luzula spadicea, DC. var. melano- 

carpa, Meyer. 
Lycopodium sabimefolium, Willd. 
Myriophyllum Farwellii, Morong 
Pinguicula vulgaris, L. 
Potentilla tridentata. Ait. 
Primula Mistassinica, Michx. 
Pyrola minor, L. 
Pyrus sambucifolia, C. & S. 
Ribes lacustre, Poir. 
Ribes prostratum, L'Her. 
Salix balsamifera, Barratt. 
Saxifraga aizoides, L. 
Saxifraga Aizoon, Jacq. 
Saxifraga oppositifolia, L. 
Solidago macrophylla, Pursh. 
Solidago Yirgaurea, L. 
Vaccinium cit^spitosum, Michx. 
Viburnum paucifiorum, Pylaie. 
Woodsia glabella, R. Br. 
Woodsia hyperborea, R. Br. 


SAND-PL AIX 


The following are characteristically sand-plain plants. 

Andropogon nutans, L. var. aven- Lespedeza capitata, ]\Iichx. 

Lupinus perennis, L. 


aceus. Hack. 
Asclepias obtusifolia, Michx. 
Aster linariifolius, L. 
Carex Houghtonii, Torr. 
Carex Muhlenbergii, Schkuhr, 
Carex siccata, Dewey. 
Convolvulus spithama^us, L. 
Fimbristylis capillaris. Gray 
Helianthemum majus, B. S. P 
Hieracium venosum, L. 


Prunus cuneata, Raf. 
Pinus rigida, Mill. 
Polygala polygama, Walt. 
Quercus ilicifolia, Wang. 
Polygala sanguinea, L. 
Salix liumilis, Marsh. 
Solidago puberula, Nutt. 
Spiranthes gracilis, Bigel. 
Viola arenaria, DC. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 


101 


IIEADI.AND8 OP LAKE CHAMPLAIN 


Plants found on the rocky and exposed promontories of slate, lime- 
stone or red sand-rock. The cliffs and red sand-rock hills of the southern 
Champlain Valley more remote from the lake, like Buck Mountain and 
Snake Mountain, have a flora similar to these headlands. 


Arabis confinis, Wats. 

Arenaria stricta, Michx. 

Aster ericoides, L. var. Pringlei, 

Gray. 
Corydalis aurea, Willd. 
Draba incana, L. var. arabisans, 

Wats. 
Houstonia purpurea, L. 
Lathyrus ochroleucus. Hook. 
Pentstemon pubescens, Soland. 
Pimpinella integerrima, Gray. 
Poa nemoralis, L. 
Polygonum Douglasii, Greene. 


Rhus Canadensis, Marsh. 
Rosa acicularis, Lindl. 
Scutellaria parvula, Michx. 
Shepherdia Canadensis, Nutt. 
Solidago bicolor, L. var. concolor, 

T. & G. 
Solidago humilis, L. 
Symphoricarpos racemosus, Michx. 

var. paucifiorus, Robbins. 
Trisetum subspicatum, Beauv. 
Viburnum pubescens, Pursh. 
Zygadenus elegans, Pursh. 


COLD SPHAGNU.M BOGS 


Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G. 

var. oblongifolia, T. & G. 
Andromeda polifolia, L. 
Arethusa bulbosa, L. 
Aster junceus. Ait. 
Calopogon pulchellus, R. Br. 
Calypso borealis, Salisb. 
Carex chordorhiza, Ehrh. 
Carex exilis, Dewey. 
Carex folliculata, L. 
Carex fusca. All. 
Carex livida, Willd. 
Carex Magellanica, Lam. 
Carex oligosperma, Michx. 
Carex pauciflora, Lightf. 
Carex saltuensis, Bailey. 
Carex tenella, Schkuhr. 
Carex tenuiflora, Wahl. 
Carex teretiuscula, Gooden. 
Carex trisperma, Dewey. 
Chiogenes serpyllifolia, Salisb. 


Drosera intermedia, Hayne. 
Eleocharis pauciflora, Link. 
Epilobium strictum, Muhl. 
Eriophorum alpinum, L. 
Eriophorum gracile, Koch. 
Eriophorum gracile, Koch, var. pau- 

cinervium, Engelni. 
Eriophorum vaginatum, L. 
Geum rivale, L. 
Habenaria dilatata. Gray. 
Kalmia glauca. Ait. 
Larix Americana, Michx. 
Ledum Groilandicum, Oeder. 
Listera cordata, R. Br. 
Lonicera cterulea, L. 
Lonicera oblongifolia, Muhl. 
Microstylis monophyllus, Lindl. 
(Irchis rotundifolia, Pursh. 
Picea nigra. Link. 
Poa pratensis, L. var. angustifolia, 

Smith. 


102 


FLORA OF VERMONT 


Potentilla palustris, Scop. 

Pyrola secunda, L. var. puniila, 

Gray. 
Pyrola rotundifolia, L. var. ulig- 

nosa, Gray. 
Salix Candida, Willd. 
Rhamnus alnifolius, L'Her. 
Salix niyrtilloides, L. 
Sarracenia purpurea, L. 


Scirpus atrocinctus, Fernald. 
Senecio Robbinsii, Oakes. 
Smilacina trifolia, Desf. 
Solidago neglecta, T. & G. 
Solidago uliginosa, Xutt. 
Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait. 
Vaccinium Oxycoccus, L. 
Valeriana sylvatica. Banks. 
Viburnum cassinoides, L. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 103 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


Page 5. Juniperus communis, L. var. According to Eehder, Cycl. of Am. 
Hort. 848, the common spreading juniper of New England pastures is 
var. Canadensi'^, Loud., while the var. nana, Loud. (J. nana, Willd.) is 
a plant of arctic and mountain regions, low and prostrate with shorter 
and broader leaves, j-l in. long. 

Page 8. For Alisma Plantago-aquatica, L. read — Alisma Plantago, L. (Linn- 
£eus in Sp. PI. 342, uses the latter name.) 

Page 9. After Agropyron Novae-Angliae, add the following description, by 
Professor F. Lamson-Scribner : 

Agropyron Novae-Angliae, Scribn. sp no v. {TrUinim violare)im, A. 
Gray, Man. ed. 5. 638. 18(57, at least in part, not Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 
2044; Agropyron riolaceiim, var., S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 672. 
1890, not A. violaceum, Lange, Consp. Fl. Groenland. 154. 1880; A. 
violaceiun vlrescens, Lange, 1. c. ?) — An erect Cicspitose perennial 6-iO 
dm. high, with rather long broad leaves and erect spikes 12-16 cm. 
long ; culms smooth ; sheaths striate, shorter than the internodes ; 
ligule short ; leafblades linear 20-25 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, long 
acuminate, narrowed at the base, striate, scabrous on the margins and 
nerves, sometimes glabrous, rarely with very few scattered hairs above, 
leaves of the innovations much smaller, narrow. Axis flattened, gla- 
brous except on the ciliate-scabrous angles. Spikelets appressed, 14-16 
mm. long, 3 to 5 flowered ; rachilla rather densely hispid ; empty 
glumes lanceolate, sub-equal, prominently 5 nerved, 12 mm. long, 
scabrous on the nerves and at the apex, bearing a short scabrous awn 
usually 2 mm. long ; flowering glumes lanceolate, glabrous, 8-9 mm. 
long, rather faintly 3 to 5 nerved, short awn-pointed. Palea nearly 
equaling the glume, 2 nerved, scabrous on the margin, truncate or 
2-toothed at the scabrous apex. 

General distribution : Sandy shores, thickets, etc., I-abrador and 
Newfoundland south to New York and Pennsylvania, west to Wiscon- 
sin and South Dakota, June to September. 

Specimens examined: Labrador: Hamilton River, 6071, A. P. 
How, Aug. 17, 1894, ex. Herb. Geol. Surv. Canada. Xewfoindland : 
Middle Arm, 26, A. C. Wagliorne, 1897 ; no locality, Wagliorw, 1897. 
Quebec: sandy shore near Cacouna, C. G. Pringle, July 25, 1881. 
Ontario : Lake Nipigon, J. Macoun, July 17, 1884. Maine: dry bank, 
Dead River, 576, }[. L. FernahJ, August 10, 1896. New Hampshire : 
White Mountains, C. E. Faxon, August 28, 1882 ; Oakes Gulf, Mt. 


104 FLORA OF VERMONT 

Washington, 1736, W. W. Egglesto7i,'3\i\y 28, 1899 ; Corydon Mountain, 
B. P. Buggies, July 20, 1892, 14, ex. Herb. Univ. Vermont. Vermont : 
gravelly talus of cliffs, Willoughby Mountain, Westmore, A. J. Grout 
and W. W. Eggleston, July 2, 1894 (type). New York : in dry 
sandy soil, Ray Brook, Essex County, 8, C. H. Peck, August, 1897 ; 
Brownville, C H. Peck, 1882. Pennsylvania : Huntingdon County, 
T. C. Porter, July 1868, Sept. 10, 1860. Wisconsin : Dalles, F. F. Wood, 
1891. South Dakota : Sylvan Lake, 714, David Griffiths, August 27, 
1897. 

This species has been- variously referred to Agropyrov tenerarn 
Vasey, A. violaceum, Lange, and A. repens, Beauv. From the latter it 
is distinguished at once by its ceespitose habit, absence of a rootstock, 
leaves not auriculate at the base, strongly nerved outer glumes and 
peculiar hispid rachilla of the spikelets. From A. violaceum it is dis- 
tinguished by its much longer and broader leaves, usually green, rarely 
purplish and longer spikes, and from A. tenerum by its much broader, 
less rigid leaves and hispid rachilla. 

The plant described in Gray's Manual, ed. 6, 672. is the western 
form which is doubtless true Agropyron violaceum, Lange, while the 
variety mentioned " with longer usually pale narrow spikes and atten- 
uate often long-awned glumes," is the plant here described as Agropy- 
ron Novie-Anglix. 

Page 13. For Glyceria fluitans, R. Br., read — Glyceria borealis, Batchelder. 
Thisnamj, published in Proc. Manchester, (X. H.), Inst. J : 71, 106, is 
synonymous with var. angustata, Vasey, and Panicularia borealis, 
Nash. 

Page 14. For P. glabrum, Gaudin, etc., read — P. lineare, Krock. (P. gla- 
brum, Gaudin. Syntherisma linearis, Na-li.) 

Under P. xanthophysum, form amplifolium, insert the following de- 
scription by Professor F. Lamson-Scribner : 

Panicom xanthophysum forma amplifolium, Scribn. Culms stout ; 
lower sheaths crowded, strongly striate and papillate-hirsute ; blades 
firm, 10-20 mm. wide. Dry sandy soil, Burlington, Vt. L. R. Jones, 
collector, August 31, 1893. 

Page 15. Eleventh line from top, for P. psammophilum, Scribn, read — P. 
psammophilum, Nash. 

Professor Scribner has re-examined the Vermont specimens of the 
Panicum dichotomum group and the following additions and cor- 
rections to the statements made on page 15, are based upon notes con- 
tributed by him : 

P. Atlanticum, Erase this name as the plant doubtfully so referred 
is a form of P. Kitciphylhun, Trin. See below. 


FLORA OF VERMONT 105 

P. dichotomtitn, Linn. These plants represent the var. viride, Vasey, 
a form considered as P. dichotomutn, L. by common consent since they 
correspond more nearly than any other form to the original description 
of the species. 

For P. pubescens read P. unciphyllum, Trin. This is one of the com- 
monest species of this group. Professor Scribner sends the following 
statements as to the synonymy : 

" Panicum pahescens of recent authors, not Lamarck. Recent ex- 
amination of the type of this species in Lamarck's Herbarium, Museum 
de Ilistorie Naturelle de Paris, proves it to be the late branched form 
of Panicum scoparium, Lam., which is entirely different from the form 
so considered bv American authors and is Pamcam viscidum, Ell. 
Synonomy : Panicum scoparium, ham. Encycl 4; 744, 1797. {Panicum, 
pvhescens, Lam. 1. c. 748; Panicum viscidum, Ell. Sk. Bot. S. C. and 
Ga. 1 : 12.3, 1817.) See Bull. 24, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 

For the form previously referred to Panicum pul/cscens we have 
taken up the name Panicum nnciphylban, Trin. Gram. Pan. 242, 1826. 
Our reason for taking up this name is this — in the Herbarium of Col- 
umbia University is a specimen referable to the form here taken up as 
P. uncipJii/Uum, labelled in Torrey's handwriting "Panicum unciphyl- 
lum, Trin. in lit," which was evidently named by Trinius and more- 
over the specimen agrees with Trinius', description. It is of course pos- 
sible that tliis plant may not be the same as the type of Panicum nnci- 
phijUwn, Trin., but we feel justified in taking up this old name for the 
species in question, rather than applying a new name to this very 
common grass." 

P. sphaerocarpon, Ell. Erase this name. The plants collected on 
Sterling Mountain are a peculiar form of P. horeale, Nash. 

P. tsugetorum, Nash- Erase this name. The plant so referred is 
P. lanuginosum, p]ll. (P. Tcnnesseense, Ashe.) The record, "Burling- 
ton, Jones," should therefore be transferred to P. lanuginosum. 

Page 18. Under Carex foUicuIata, L , insert— Sunderland, Eggleston. 

Under Carex formosa, Dewey, erase — " Sunderland, Eggleston." 

Page 20. Insert— Juncus Dudleyi, Wiegand. ( Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27:524, 
1900. ) Pownal, £'.'/(//('.s<o/i and C/ta/r/u'W; Willoughby, G. O. Kennedy, 
specimen in herbarium New Eng. Bot. Club. 

Page 27. After Luzula vernalis, HC, insert as synonym — ( J. pilosum, 
Kuntze). 

For LILUM read LILIUM. 


106 FLORA OF VERMONT 

After MAIANTHEMUM insert as synonym— (UNIFOLIUM). 

Page 30. Fourth line from top for "attitudes" read "altitudes." 

After LIPARIS insert as synonym— (LEPTORCHIS). 

Page 36. After Polygonum Careyi, Olney, add — abundant at foot of Proc- 
torsville Gulf, Cavendish, M. L. Fernnld. 

Fourth line from bottom, for P. Convolvulus, read P. Convolvulus. 

Page 39. After Arenaria macrophylla. Hook, insert as a synonym — (^loeh- 
ringia macrophylla, Torr. ). 

Page 40. Fifth line from bottom, fur B. peltata, etc., read B. Schrcberi, 
Gmelin. (B. peltata, Pursh. B. purpurea, Casp. ) 

Page 46. Transfer " woods ;" from end of second line to end of first line. 

Page 53. After S. salicifolia, L. var. latifolia, for "AViegand " read "Ait." 

Page 54. Twelfth line from top, for B. australis read B. australis, and for 
"Ward" read "Wild." 

Page 57. Fourth line from bottom, after E. corallata, insert — L. 
Page 60. Fourth line from bottom, for A. Ascyron, read H, Ascyron. 
Page 62. Tenth line from bottom, for AEAGNACEAE, read ELAEAG- 
NACEAE. 

Seventh line from bottom, for LTHYRACEAE, read LYTHRA- 
CEAE. 

Page 68. Under Rhododcndfon maximum, for " Eggleston " read "Bur- 
bank." 

Page 72. Add— Hydrophyllum Canadense, " INIt. IMansfield and south west- 
ern Vermont," Rohblns ; Charlotte, Pringle. The latter's specimens 
were somewhat abnormal but were so named by Dr. Gray. 


INDEX 


Abies, 5 
Abutilon, 60 
Acalypha, 57 

ACANTHACE^, 79 

Acer, 59 
Achillea, 83 
Acliroanthes, 31 
Acnida, 38 
Acorus, 25 
Acttea, 41 

Adder's Tongue, 1, 27 
Adiantum, 1 
Adicea, 35 
Adlumia, 44 
Adopogon, 88 
Agastache, 74 
Agrituonia, 49 
Agrimony, 49 
Agropyron, 9, 103 
Agrostemma, 39 
Agrostis, 9 
Alder, 33 
Alfalfa, 55 
A.lisma, 8, 103 
Alismace-e, 8 
Allium, 27 
Alnus, 33 
Alopecurus, 10 
Alsine, 40 
Amarantace.e, 38 
Amarantus, 38 
Ambrosia, 83 
Amelanchier, 49 
Ammophila, 10 
Ampelopsis, 59 
Amphicarpa, 53 

ANACARDIACEyE, 58 

Anaphalis, 83 
Andromeda, 66 
Andropogon, 10 
Anemone, 41 
Anemonella, 42 

Rue, 42 
Angelica, 64 
Angiosperms, 6 
Antennaria, 83 
Anthemis, 84 
Anthoxanthum, 10 
Anychia, 41 
Aphyllon, 79 
Apios, 53 
Aplectrum, 29 

AP0CYNACE.E, 71 

Apocynum, 71 


Apple, 52 
Aquilegia, 42 
Arabis, 44 
Aracb.e, 25 
Aralia, 64 
Araliace.e, 64 
Arbor A'itte, 6 
Arbutus, 67 
Arceuthobium, 36 
Arctium, 84 
Arctostapliylos, 66 
Arenaria, 39 
Arethusa, 29 
Ariseema, 25 
Aristida, 10 
Aristolochiace^e, 30 
Aronia, 52 
Arrhenatherum, 10 
Arrow-leaf, 8 
Arrow- wood, 81 
Artemisia, Si 
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 
Asarum, 36 
Asclepiadace/e, 71 
Asclepias, 71 
Ash, 70 

Mountain, 51-52 

Prickly, 57 
Asparagus, 27 
Aspen, 32 
Asperella, 10 
Aspidium, 1 
Asplenii;m, 2 
Aster, 84 
Astragalus, 53 
Atragene, 42 
Atriplex, 37 
A vena, 10 
Avens, 50 
Balm of Gilead, 32 
Balsam Fir, 5 
Baneberry, 41 
Baptisia, 54 
Barbarea, 45 
Barberry, 43 
Bartonia, 70 
Bass wood, 60 
Batrachium, 43 
Beaked-rush, 24 
Bearberry, 66 
Bedstraw, 80 
Beech. 34 

Blue, 33 
Beech-drops, 79 


Beggar's Lice, 72 
Beggar's Ticks, 86 
Bellllower, 82 
Bellwort, 28 
Benzoin, 44 
Berberidace.e, 43- 
Berberis, 43 
Bergamot, 74 
Berteroa, 45 
Betula, 33 
Bicuculla, 44 
Bidens, 86 
Bindweed, 71 
Birch, 33 
Bittersweet, 59 
Blackberry, 52 
Bladder-nut, 59 
Bladderwort, 78 
iBlephilia, 73 
Blood-root, 44 
Blueberry, 68 
87, Blue-grass, English, 16 
Kentucky, 16 
Blue-joint, 11 
Bluets, 80 
Blueweed, 72 
Boehmeria, 35 
Boneset, 87 
Borraginace.e, 72 
Botrychium, 1 
Bouncing Bet, 40 
Boxelder, 59 
Brachyelytrum, 10 
Bracken, 3 
Brasenia, 40 
Brassica, 45 
Braya, 45 
Briza, 11 
Bromus, 11 
Brunella, 75 
Buck Bean, 70 
Buckthorn, 59 
Buckwheat, 36 
Buda, 40 

Bugloss, Viper's, 72 
Bulrush, 24 
Bunch-berry, 66 
Burdock, 84 
Burnet, 51 
Bur-reed, 6 
Bursa, 45 

Butter and Eggs, 77 
Buttercup, 42 
Butterfly-weed, 71 


108 


Index 


Butternut, 31 
Butterwort, 78 
Button-bush, 80 
Calaniagrostis, 11 
Calamintha, 73 
Calla, 25 
Callitriche, 63 
Calopogon, 29 
Caltha, 42 
Calypso, 29 
Camel ina, 45 
Campanula, 82 
Campanulace^, 82 
Campion, Bladder, 40 
Camptosorus, 2 
Canary-grass, 15 
Cannabis, 35 
Capnoides, 44 
Capparidace,e, 47 

CAPRIFOLIACEyE, 80 

Capselia, 45 
Caraway, G4 
Cardamine, 45 
Cardinal-flower, 82 
Carduus, 80 
Carex, 17, 105 
Carpet-weed, 38 
Carpinup, 33 
Carrot, 65 
Carum, 64 
Carya, 31 

Caryophyllace.e, 39 
Cassandra, 66 
Cassia, 54 
Castalia, 41 
Castanea, 34 
Castilleia, 77 
Catchfly, 40 
Catnip, 75 
Cat-tail, 7 
Caulophyllum, 43 
Ceanothus, 59 
Cedar, White, 6 
Celandine, 44 
Celastracete, 59 
Celastrus, 59 
Celtis, 35 
Cenc.hrus, 11 
Centaurea, 86 
Cephalanthus, 80 
Cerastium, 39 
Ceratophyllace.e, 41 
Ceratopliyllum, 41 
( 'liaetocliloa, 11 
Chamiodaphne, ()6 
Chama?nerion, 63 
Charlock, 45 
Chelidonium, 44 
Chelone, 77 

ClIENOPODIACE.E, 37 


Chenopodium, 37 
Cherry, 51 

Ground, 76 
Chess, 11 
Chestnut, 34 
Chickweed, 40 

Mouse-ear, 39 
Chicory, 86 
Chimaphila, 67 
Chiogenes, 67 
Chives, 27 
Choke-berry, 52 
Chrysanthemum, 8() 
Chrysopogon, 10 
Chrysosplenium, 48 
Cichorium, 86 
Cicuta, 64 
Cinna, 12 
Cinquefoil, 50 
Circpea, 63 

CiSTACE.E, 61 

Cladium, 22 
Claytonia, 38 
Cleavers, 80 
Clematis, 42 
Clinopodium, 73 
Clintonia, 27 
Clover, 56 

Bush, 55 

Sweet, 55 
Club-moss, 4 
Club rush, 24 
Cnicus, 86 
Cocklebur, 91 
Cohosh, 41 

Blue, 43 
CoUinsonia, 73 
Coltsfoot, 91 

Sweet, 89 
Columbine, 42 
Comandra, 36 
Comarum, 51 
Coinfrey, 73 

Wild, 72 
Composit.t:, 83 
Comptonia, 32 
Cone-flower, 89 

CONIFER.E, 5 

Conioselinum, 65 
Conium, 65 
Conopholis, 79 

CONVOLVULACE.E, 71 

Convolvulus, 71 
Coptis, 42 
Corallorhiza, 29 
Coral-root, 29 

CORNACE.E, 66 

Corn-cockle, 39 
Cornel, 66 
Cornus, 66 


Coronilla, 54 
Corydalis, 44 
Cory 1 us, 34 
Cotton-grass, 23 
Cottonwood, 32 
Cowbane, 64 
Cow-wheat, 77 
Cranberry, 68 
Cranberry-tree, 81 
Cranes-bill, 56 
Crassulace.e, 48 
Crataegus, 50 
Crepis, 86 
Cress, Pennv, 47 

Eock, 44 " 

Water, 46 

Winter, 45 

Yellow, 47 
Crotalaria, 54 
Crowberry, 58 
Crowfoot, 41 

CRUCIFERJ5, 44 

Cryptotfcnia, 65 
Cucumber, Indian, 

Star, 82 

Wild, 82 
Cucurbit A CE.E, 82 
Cudweed, 87 
Cupulifer^, 33 
Currant, 48 
Cuscuta, 71 
Cynanchum, 71 
Cynoglossum, 72 

CVPERACE.F,, 17 

Cyperus, 22 
Cypripedium, 29 
Cystopteris, 3 
Dactyl is, 12 
Daisv, White, 86 

Yellow, 89 
Dalibarda, 50 
Dandelion, 91 

Dwarf, 88 

Fall, 88 
Danthonia, 12 
Daphne, 62 
Dasystoma, 77 
Datura, 76 
Daucus, 65 
Decodon, 62 
Deer-grass, 63 
Dentaria, 46 
Deringa, 65 
Deschampsia, 12 
Desmodium, 54 
Dewberry, 53 
Dianthera, 79 
Dianthus, 39 
Diapensia, 69 

,DlAPEXSIACE-E, 69 


Index 


109 


Dicentra, 44 
Dicksonia, 3 
Dicotyledons, 31 
Dier villa, 80 

DlPSACE.E, 82 

Dipsacus, 82 
Dirca, 62 
Dock, 37 
Dodder, 71 
Doellingeria, 85 
Dogbane, 71 
Di)gvvood, ()6 
Draba, 4(3 
Drosera, 47 
Droserace.e,47 
Dryopteris, 1 
Duckweed, 25 
Dulicliium, 22 
Dutchman's-breeches, 44 
Eatonia, 12 
Echinocystis, 82 
P^chinospermum, 72 
Echium, 72 
Eel-grass, 9 
El.eagnace.e, 62 
Elder, 81 
Elderberry, 81 
Elecampane, 88 
Eleocharis, 23 
Elm, 35 
Elodea, 9 
Elodes, 61 
Elymus, 12 
Empetrace-e, 58 
Em pet rum, 58 [63 

Enchanter's Nightshade, 
Epig;ea, 67 
Epilobium, 63 
Epiphegus, 79 

E<iUISETACE.E, 4 

Equisetum, 4 
Eragrostis, 12 
Erechtites, 86 
Ericace.e, 66 
Erigeron, 86 
Eriocaule.e, 26 
Eriocaulon, 26 
Eriophorum, 23 
Erodium, 56 
Erysimum, 46 
Erythronium, 27 
Eupatorium, 87 
Euphorbia, 57 

EUPHORBIACE.E, 57 

Euthamia, 90 
Everlasting, 83, 87 
Fagopyrum, 36 
Fagus, 34 
Falcata, 53 
Fern Plants, 1 


Fern, Sweet, 32 
Festuca, 13 

FiCOIDE/E, 38 

Figwort, 78 

FiLICES, 1 

Fimbristylis, 23 
Fire weed, 63. 86 
Flag, Blue, 29 

Sweet, 25 
Flax, 57 

False, 45 
Fleabane, 86 
Fkerkea, 56 
Forget-me-not, 72 
Foxtail, 10, 12 
Fragaria, 50 
Fraxinus, 70 
Fringe, Mountain, 44 
Fumaria, 44 

FUMARIACE.E, 44 

Fumitory, 44 
Gale, Sweet, 32 
Galeopsis, 73 
Galinsoga, 87 
Galium, 80 
Gaultheria, 67 
Gaylussacia, 67 
Gentian, 70 
Gentianace^e, 70 
Geraniace.e, 56 
Geranium, 56 
Gerardia, 77 
Germander, 75 
Geum, 50 
Ginger, Wild, 36 
Ginseng, 64 
Glecoma, 75 
Glyceria, 13, 104 
Gnaphalium, 87 
Goat's -beard, 91 
Goldenrod, 90 
Golden-seal, 42 
Goldthread, 42 
Goodyera, 30 
Gooseberry, Wild, 48 
Gramine.e, 9 
Grape, 60 
Grapliephorum, 13 
Grass, 9 

Blue-eyed, 29 
Grass-of-Parnassus, 48 
Gratiola, 77 
Green-brier, 28 
Gromwell, 72 
Ground Ivy, 25 
Ground-nut, 53, 64 
Groundsel, 89 
Gymnosperms, 5 
Gymnostichum, 10 
Gyrostachys, 31 


Habenaria, 30 
Hackberry, 35 
Halenia, 70 
Haeorage.k, 63 
Hamamelide.e, 49 
Hamamelis, 49 
Hardback, 53 
Harebell, 82 
Hawkweed, 88 
Hawthorn, 50 
Hazelnut, 34 
Heath, 66 
Hedeoma, 73 
Hedysarum, 55 
Helianthemum, 01 
Helianthus, 87 
Heliopsis, 88 
Hellebore, False, 28 
Hemerocallis, 27 
Hemlock, 6 

Ground, 6 

Poison, 65 

Water, 64 
Hemp, 35 

Indian, 71 
Henbane, 76 
Hepatica, 42 
Heracleum, 65 
Herb Robert, 56 
Hesperis, 46 
Heteranthera, 26 
Hibiscus, 60 
Hickory, 31 
Hicoria, 31 
Hieracium, 88 
Hierochloe, 13 
Hippuris, 64 
Hobblebush, 81 
Holcus, 13 
Holly, 58 

Homalocenchrns, 13 
Honeysuckle, 81 
Hop, 35 
Ilordeum, 13 
Horehound, 74 
Hornbeam, 34 
Horseradish, 46 
Horsetail, 4 
Horseweed, 87 
Honnd's-tongue, 72 
Houstonia, 80 
Huckleberry, 67 
Hudsonia, 61 
Humulus, 35 
Hungarian-grass, 11 
Hydrastis, 42 

HYDROCnAKIDACE.E, 9 

Hydr(_icotyle, 65 
Hydrophyllace.e, 72 
Hydrophyllum, 72, 106 


no 


Hyoscyamus, 76 
Hypericace.e, 60 
Hypericum, 60 
Hypopitys, 67 
Hvssopus (Hyssop), 74 
Hystrix, 10 
Ilex, 58 
Ilicine.e, 58 
Ilicioides, 58 
Illecebrace/E, 41 
Ilysanthes, 77 
Impatiens, 56 
Indian-pipe, 67 
Indian-wheat, 36 
Indigo, Wild, 54 
Inula, 88 
Ion act is, 84 
Iridace.e, 29 
Iris, 29 
Isanthus, 74 
Isoetes, 5 
Ivy, Poison, 58 

Ground, 75 
Ixophorus, 11 
Jaiuestown-weed, 76 
Jewel-weed, 56 
Joe-Pye Weed, 87 
Jug LAND ace.e, 31 
Juglans, 31 
Juncace.e, 26 
Juncoides, 27 
Juncus, 26, 105 
Juniperus (Juniper), 5, 

103 
Kalmia, 67 
Ketraia, Bladder, 60 
Kinnikinnick, 66 
Kneiffia, 63 
Kochia, 38 
Koellia, 75 
Krigia, 88 
Labiat.e, 73 
Labrador Tea, 67 
Lactuca, 88 
Lady's-slipper, 29 
Lady's-thumb, 37 
Lady's-tresses, 31 
Lamium, 74 
Lanipsana, 88 
Laportea, 35 
Lappula, 72 
Lapsana, 88 
Larch, 5 
Larix, 5 
Lathyrus, 55 
Laurace.e, 44 
Laurel, 67 
Leather-leaf, 66 
Leatherwood, 62 
Lechea, 61 


Ledum, 67 
Leek, 27 
Leersia, 13 
Legouzia, 82 
Leguminos.e, 53 
Lemna, 25 
Lemnace-E, 25 
Lentibulariace^, 78 
Leontodon, 88 
Leonurus, 74 
Lepidium, 46 
Leptamnium, 79 
Leptilon, 87 
Leptorchis, 106 
Lespedeza, 55 
Lettuce, 88, 89 
Leucophysalis, 76 
Levisticum, 65 
L1LIACE.E, 27 
Lilium, 27 
Lily, 27 

Yellow Pond, 40 
Limnanthemum, 70 
Limodorum, 29 

LiNACE.E, 57 

Linaria, 77 
Linden, 60 
Lindera, 44 
Linnjea, 80 
Linum, 57 
Lion's-foot, 89 
Liparis, 30 
Liriodendron, 41 
Listera, 30 
Lithospermum, 72 
Littorella, 79 
Live-forever, 48 
Lobelia, 82 

LOBELIACE.E, 82 

Locust, 55 
Lolium, 14 
Lonicera, 81 
Loosestrife, 62, 69 
Lophanthus, 74 

LORANTHACE.E, 36 

Lousewort, 78 
Lovage, 65 
Ludwigia, 63 
Lupinus (Lupine), 55 
Luznla, 27, 105 
Lychnis, 39 
Lycopodiace.e, 4 
Lycopodium, 4 
Lycopus, 74 
Lysimachia, 69 
Lythrace.e, 62 
Ly thrum, 62 
Magnoliace.e, 41 
Maianthemum, 27 
Maidenhair, 1 


Mallow, 60 
Mains, 52 
Malva, 60 
Malvaceae, 60 
Mandrake, 43 
Maple, 59 
Mare's-tail, 64 
Marigold, Bur, 86 

Marsh, 42 
Marjoram, 75 
Marrubium, 74 
Matricaria, 88 
Mayflower, 67 
Mayweed, 84 
Meadow-grass, Fowl, 16' 
Meadow-sweet, 53 
Medeola, 27 
Medicago, 55 
Medick, 55 
Meibomia, 54 
Melampyrum, 77 
Melastomace.e, 63 
Melilotus (Melilot), 55 
Menispermace.e, 43 
Menispermum, 43 
Mentha, 74 
Menyanthes, 70 
Micrampelis, 82 
Microstylis, 31 
Milfoil, Water, 04 
Milium, 14 
Milkweed, 71 
Milkwort, 57 
Mimulus, 77 
Mint, 74 

Mistletoe, Dwarf, 36 
Mitchella, SO 
Mitella, 48 
Mitrewort, 48 

False, 49 
Moccasin-flower, 29 
Moehringia, 39, 106 
MoUugo, 38 
]\Ionarda, 74 
Moneses, 67 
Moneywort, 69 
Monkey-flower, 77 
Monocotyledons, 6 
Monotropa, 67 
Moonseed, 43 
Morning-glory, 71 
Morns, 35 
Motherwort, 74 
Muhlenbergia, 14 
Mulberry, 35 
Mullein," 78 
Musk-plant, 77 
Mustard, 45 

Hedge, 47 
Myosotis, 72 


Ill 


Myrica, 32 
Myricace.e, 32 
Myriophyllum, 6-1 
Nabalus, 89 
Naiadace^, 7 
Naias, 7 
Nardia, 63 
Nasturtium, 46 
Naumbergia, 69 
Negundo, 59 
Nemopanthus, 58 
Nepeta, 75 
Nettle, 35 

Dead, 74 

Hedge, 75 

Hemp, 73 
Nicandra, 76 
Nightshade, 76 

Enchanter's, 63 
Nuphar, 40 
Nymphgea, 40, 41 
NymphyEace^, 40 
Nyssa, 66 
Oak, 34 
Oakesia, 28 
Oat-grass, 10 
(Enothera, 63 
Oleace^, 70 
Onagra, 63 
Onagrace^, 63 
Onion, 27 
Onoclea, 3 
Onopordon, 89 

OpHIOGLOSSACEvE, 1 

Ophioglossum, 1 
Orchid, 30 
Orchidace^, 29 
Orchis, 31 
Origanum, 75 
Orobanchace-e, 79 
Orobanche, 79 
Oryzopsis, 14 
Osmorrhiza, 65 
Osmunda, 3 
Ostrya, 34 
Oxalis, 56 
Oxycoccus, 68 
Panax, 64 
Panicularia, 13 
Panicum, 14, 104 
Pansy, 62 
Papaverace^, 44 
Parietaria, 35 
Parnassia, 48 
Parsnip, 65, 66 
Partridge-berry, 80 
Paspalum, 15 
Pastinaca, 65 
Pea, Beach, 55 
Pedicularis, 78 


Pelkea, 3 
Peltandra, 25 
Pennyroyal, 73 
Penthorum, 48 
Pentstemon, 78 
Peppergrass, 46 
Peppermint, 74 
Pepper-root, 46 
Peramium, 30 
Periwinkle, 71 
Petasites, 89 
Phalaris, 15 
Phegopteris, 3 
Philotria, 9 
Phleum, 15 
Phlox. 72 
Phragmites, 15 
Phryma, 73 
Physalis, 76 
Physalodes, 76 
Physostegia, 75 
Phytolacca, 38 
Phytolaccace.e, 38 
Picea, 5 

Pickerel-weed, 26 
Picris, 89 
Pignut. 31 
Pigweed, 37 
Pilea, 35 
Pimpinella, 65 
Pine, 6 

Prince's, 67 
Pinguicula, 78 
Pink, 39 

Swamp, 68. 
Pinus, 6 
Pinweed, 61 
Pipsissewa, 67 
Pitcher-plant, 47 
Plantaginace.e, 79 
Plantago, 79 
Plantain, 79 

Rattlesnake, .30 
Platanace.e, 49 
Platanus, 49 
Plum, 51 
Poa, 15 

Podophyllum, 43 
Pogonia, 31 
Poke, Indian, 28 
Poke weed, 38 
Polanisia, 47 
Polemoniace.e, 72 
Polemonium, 72 
Polygala, 57 

POLYGALACE.E, 57 
POLYGONACE.E, .36 

Polygonatum, 28 
Polygonum, 36, 106 
Polymnia, 89 


Polypodium, 3 
Pond weed, 7 
Pontederia, 26 
Pontederiace^e, 26 
Poplar, 32 
Populus, 32 
Portulaca, 39 

PoRTULACACE.Ii, 38 

Potamogeton, 7 
Potentilla, 50 
Poterium, 51 
Prenanthes, 89 
Primrose, Evening, 63 
Primula, 69 
Primulace.e, 69 
Prince's-feather, 37 
Proserpinaca, 64 
Prunella, 75 
Prunus, 51 
Pteridophyta, 1 
Pteris, 3 
Pterospora, 67 
Purslane, 39 
Pycnanthemum, 75 
Pyrola, 68 
Pyrus, 51 
Quack-grass, 9 
Quercus, 34 
Radish, 47 
Ragweed, 83 
Ragwort, 89 
Ramshead, 29 
Ranunculace^c, 41 
Ranunculus, 42 
Raphanus, 47 
Raspberry, 52 
Rattlebox, 54 
Rattlesnake-root, 80 
Razoumofskya, 36 
Red-top, 9 
Rhamnace.e, 59 
Rhamnus, 59 
Rhexia, 63 
Rhododendron, 68 
Rhus, 58 

Rhynchospora, 24 
Ribes, 48 
Robinia, 55 
Rocket, 46 
Roripa, 46 
Rosa (Rose), 52 

ROSACE.E, 49 

Rose, Rock, 61 
Rubiace^t;, 80 
Rubus, 52 
Rudbeckia, 89 
Rue, 57 

Meadow, 43 
Rumex, 37 
Rush, 26 


112 
Euta, 57 

KUTACE.E, 57 

4flye-grass, 14 
Sagina, 40 
Sagittaria, 8 
St. Johns wort, 60 
Salicace.e, 32 
Salix, 32 
Sambucus, 81 
Samolus, 69 
Sandwort, 39 
Sanguinaria, 44 
Sanguisorba, 51 
Sanicula, 65 
Santalace,e, 36 
Sapindace^, 59 
Saponaria, 40 
Sarothra, 61 
Sarracenia, 47 
Sarraceniace^, 47 
Sarsaparilla, 64 
Sassafras, 44 
Satureia, 75 
Savastana, 13 
Savory, Summer, 75 
Saxifraga, (Saxifrage] 
Saxifragace.e, 48 
Scabiosa, ( Scabious ) , 
Scheuchzeria, 8 
Scirpns, 24 
Scrophularia, 78 
Scrophtlariace-e, 77 
Scutellaria, 75 
Sedge, 17 
Sednm, 48 
Seed Plants, 5 
Selaginella, 5 

SEr.AfilXELLACE.E, 5 

Self-heal, 73 
Senecio, 89 
Senna, 54 
Sensitive-plant, 54 
Sericocarpus, 90 
Service-berrv, 49 
Setaria, 11 
Shad-bush, 49 
Sheepberry, 81 
Shepherdia, 62 
Shepherd' s-purse, 45 
Sicyos, 82 
Silene, 40 
Silverweed, 51 
Sisymbrium, 45, 47 
Sisyrinchium, 29 
Slum, 66 
Skullcap, 75 
Skunk-cabbage, 25 
Smartweed, 36 
Smilacina, 28 
Smilax, 28 


,48 


82 


Snakeroot, Black, 65 

Seneca, 57 
Snow berry, 81 

Creeping, 67 
Solanace.e, 76 
Solanum, 76 
Solidago, 90 
Solomon's Seal, 28 

False, 28 
Sonchus, 91 
Sorbus, 51 
Sorrel, Lady's, 57 

Wood, 56 

Sheep, 37 
Sour (Jam, 66 
Sparganium, 6 
Spartina, 16 
Spathyema, 25 
Spearmint, 74 
Specularia, 82 
Speedwell, 78 
Spergula, 40 
Spergularia, 40 
Spermatophyta, 5 
Spicebush, 44 
Spikenard, 64 
Spike-rush, 23 
Spirjea, 53 
Spiranthes, 31 
Spirodela, 25 
Spleenwort, 2 
Sporobolus, 16 
Spring- beauty, 38 
Spruce, 5 
Spurge, 57 
Spurrey, Corn, 40 
Squirrel-corn, 44 
Stachys, 75 
Staphylea, 59 
Star-flower, 70 
Steeple-bush, 53 
Steironema, ()9 
Stellaria, 40 
Stonecrop, 48 
Stork's-bill,56 
Strawberry, 50 

Barren, 53 
Streptopus, 28 
Subularia, 47 
Sumach, 58 
Sundew, 47 
Sunflower, 87 
Sweet-brier, 52 
Sweet-Cicely, 65 
Sweet-William, 39 
Sycamore, 49 
Symphoricarpos, 81 
Symphytum, 73 
Symplocarpus, 25 
Syndesmon, 42 


Tamarack, 5 
Tanacetum, 91 
Tansy, 91 
Taraxacum, 91 
Taxus, 6 
Tea, New Jersey, 59 

Oswego, 74 
Tear-thumb, 37 
Teasel, 82 
Tetragonanthus, 70 
Teucrium, 75 
Thalesia, 79 
Thalictrum, 43 
Thistle, 86 

Cotton, 89 

Sow, 91 
Thlaspi, 47 
Thorn, 50 
Thorough wort, 87 
Thuya, 6 

Thymelaeace.e, 62 
Thymus (Thyme), 76 
Tiarella, 49 
Tilia, 60 
Tiliaceae, 60 
Timothy, 15 
Tissa, 40 
Toad-flax, 77 
Tofieldia, 28 
Touch-me-not, 56 
Tragopogon, 91 
Trefoil, Tick, 54 
Triadenum, 61 
Trichostema, 76 
Trientalis, 70 • 
Trifolium, 56 
Trillium, 28 
Triosteum, 81 
Trisetum, 16 
Tsuga, 6 
Tulip-tree, 41 
Tupelo, 6() 
Turnip, Wild, 45 

Indian, 25 
Turtle-head, 77 
Tussiiago, 91 
Tway-blade, 30 
Twin-flower, 80 
Twisted-stalk, 28 
Typha, 7 
Typhace^e, 6 
Ulmaria, 53 
Ulmus, 35 
UmbellifeRvE, 64 
jITnifolium, 106 
jl^rtica, 35 
Urticace.e, 35 
Frticastrum, 35 
lUtricularia, 78 
Uvularia, 28 


113 


Vaccaria, 40 
Vaccinium, 68 
Vagnera, 28 
Valeriana, (Valerian), 82 
Valerianace.e, 82 
Vallisneria, 9 
Velvet-leaf, 60 
Veratrura, 28 
Verbascum, 78 
Verbena, 73 
Verbenace.e, 73 
Vernal-grass, Sweet, 10 
Veronica, 78 
Vervain, 73 
Vetch, 56 
Viburnum, 81 
Vicia, 56 
Vinca, 71 
Vincetoxicum, 71 


Viola, 61 
VioLACEJ':, 61 
Violet, 01 

Dog-tooth, 27 
Virgin' s-bovver, 42 

VlTACE.E, 59 

Vitis, 60 
Wake-robin, 28 
Waldsteinia, 53 
Walnut, 81 
Washingtonia, 65 
Water-lily, 41 
Water-plantain, 8 
Water-shield, 40 
Willow, 32 
Willow-herb, 63 
Wind-flower, 42 
Winterberry, 58 
Wintergreen, 67 


Witch-grass, 9 
Witch-Hazel, 49 
Woodbine, 59 
Woodsia, 3 
Woodwardia, 4 
Wool-grass, 24 
Wormwood, 84 

Roman, 83 
Xanthium, 91 
Xanthoxylum, 57 
Xolisma, 66 
Xyridace.e, 25 
Xyris, 25 
Yarrow, 83 
Yew, 6 

Zannichellia, 8 
Zizania, 16 
Zizia, 66 
Zygadenue, 29 


Botanical Garden Library 


QK124.V4 ge 

Vermont Botanical C/Flora of Vermont; a 


3 5185 00126 1880